Planned or unplanned organizational change

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Functions of Management Report

This report is an analysis of the four functions of management (planning, organizing, leading, and controlling) and how they are applied to Aventis Pharmaceuticals.The analysis will address how the four functions are applied across three linked levels our Global Systems Management organization, my manager and my own position.

Background

Aventis Pharmaceuticals (Aventis) is a rapidly evolving global organization.It is the eighth largest pharmaceutical company in the world including a significant presence in the United States. Via these and many other smaller mergers Aventis has inherited many information systems that had been used to support research and operations.To manage and eventually merge these many systems Aventis created the Global Systems Management group, comprised of staff from its strategic geographic locations. The team is charged with designing, integrating and managing a unified set of improved information solutions that will facilitate operations and corporate compliance with federal regulations.My supervisor leads the group of managers that coordinate these efforts and my position is one of these managers.My role is a Program Manager, whereas I manage multiple global projects employing cross-functional teams.

Management Functions Aventis Pharmaceuticals

The four management functions apply to my organization in the following ways.

Planning.Planning is a critical step in the Aventis corporate roadmap and focused business model.For the Global Systems Management (GSM) group planning is necessary to ensure technology solutions are available in a timely fashion to continually support new initiatives and ongoing operations.The group plans for new information solutions or changes to existing systems using business impact analysis tools that process risk scenarios against business needs and cost models.This is a meticulous exercise as the pharmaceutical industry is heavily regulated by the US federal government and bound by strict policy and procedure to ensure quality and validation of information systems.Results from the impact analysis is incorporated into the three-year strategic technology plan and also used to realign budget forecasts.

Organizing.Aventis accomplishes organizing by adopting similar models of other pharmaceuticals.At the highest level the organization is structured according to its major geographic locations United States, France, Germany and Asia-Pacific.Peer relationships exist between these locations and a senior management team governs the entire enterprise.The next lower level of organization is by function.Each geographic location supports functional business units for drug research and innovation, commercial operations, industrial operations, and technology operations.Within each of these business units are structured management teams, each accountable for operations and support of the other regional business units.

Leading.Leading is accomplished at Aventis via mentoring and example.Managers are required to attend certain internal training classes that function to raise awareness and spread knowledge about effective leadership.Managers are trained and encouraged to respect their team hierarchies while maintaining high visibility and active involvement in daily operations.Managers and other supervisors actively engage with associates to help resolve issues, encourage dialogues, and participate as part of project teams.

Controlling.Controlling is a critical part of Aventis.As a heavily regulated industry that is subject to frequent audits by the Food and Drug Administration there needs to be sufficient evidence of product and operational quality control available at all times.As an example, Aventis controls its manufacturing processes by adhering to strict environment standards, automated inventory management and extensive associate training and monitoring.Standard Operating Procedures exist for the many information solutions to govern all documents used for FDA drug submissions and the internal audit teams perform routine checks to ensure compliance.

Management Functions - My Manager

The four management functions apply to my supervisor in the following ways.

Planning.My manager accomplishes planning by evaluating upcoming resource needs and preparing for any constraints.He employs project scheduling tools and spreadsheet forecasting forms to best decide priority for projects and what manager should be assigned.

Organizing.My manager uses the power of information technology to maintain a high level of organization.Projects, resources, budgets and schedules are all maintained in a single database.The database is linked with the Aventis email system so as updates about current or planned initiatives are received the information is collected and added.

Leading.My manager is an accomplished leader, repeatedly demonstrating his ability to face difficult issues, work with the team to resolve problems, and be accountable when a wrong decision is made.

Controlling.My manager controls his projects and subordinates by establishing annual and quarterly goals and conducting timely reviews to track progress.The program managers that report into him also are required to submit weekly status reports on assigned engagements and escalate issues when deemed necessary.

Management Functions - My Position

The four management functions apply to my position in the following ways.

Planning.I accomplish planning through the use of budget analysis spreadsheet forms and project scheduling tools such as Microsoft Project.For each project I manage I plan out a specific route for execution and compare that to other scheduled projects to anticipate conflicts or constraints.

Organizing.In my position I remain organized by maintaining consistent and updated documentation about the projects and resources I am managing.All of my projects are organized according to priority and anticipated duration, and shared resources are cross referenced and detailed in a separate matrix.

Leading.I lead my project teams by providing clear direction and establishing realistic goals.I develop sound project schedules and clear documentation to demonstrate that I have the ability to execute and understand and articulate the objectives.

Controlling.All of my projects are tracked with my scheduling tools and my project teams are required to provide weekly status reports for assigned tasks.I control my engagements by facilitating regularly scheduled meetings with focused agendas, allowing a forum to present problems and discuss solutions.

Recommendations

Currently the same management team from US marketing does not always know about what the strategy is with the German marketing team.It is recommended that Aventis improve its organizational management by establishing better communications between like business units from different geographical regions.

The processes my supervisor and I use to track project budgets are antiquated resulting in numerous cost overruns.We should revisit the embedded formulas and revise based on current budget forecasts.

This report showed how important the four management functions are to Aventis and how they are applied at various levels.The organization uses the functions to establish global strategy and define operational boundaries.My supervisor employs the four functions to facilitate the group he controls and manage individuals running the numerous global technology initiatives.In my position I apply planning, organization, leading and controlling to keep my teams and myself balanced and focused while we collectively work to reach our objectives.

Dessler, G. (00) Management Leading people and organizations in the 1st century.[University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.

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Norman Friedman: Point of View in Fiction

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Summary of Norman Friedman's Point of View in Fiction

In our time, one of the most significant changes in fiction, is the disappearance of the author. Compared to Victorian novels, in which the author was very present, today a story should rather tell itself through the impressions of the characters and not by the author. This way of telling a story is, according to Schorer, the only way for the author to create an aesthetic relationship between him and his work. Today, the technique of "Point of View" is becoming one of the most useful distinctions in fiction.

Literature uses language as its medium, and because of that, it expresses more ideas and attitudes, than other arts, but also does it show weaker images. The author is constantly concerned with the problem, what effects his own attitudes and values have on the reader. That is why the question of point of view is so important in fiction. Every different way of telling a story has a different effect on the reader. There have been two opposite points in time, between which the history of the concept of point of view can be plotted. Already Plato distingushed between two different ways of telling a story simple narration and imitation.In simple narration the author can appear anywhere and at any time within the story, as in imitation the author speaks through one of his characters. The main distinction, to Plato, is the dialogue. To Joyce the voice of the author loses itself more and more in the different types of writing. So he says that in lyric the poet is very present in what he is writing. It is very personal. Drama is to him the most unpersonal. The author is almost not present at all. Epic lays to Joyce in between lyric and drama. Using these theorys with the problem of point of view another problem arises. The problem of the relation between the author, the narrator, and the story subject. James, who always tried to find a focus for his storys, solved this problem by putting the action inside the consciousness of one of the characters within the plot. Lubbock applied the general distinction between direct and indirect presentation. He says that the novelist has to think of his story as a matter to be shown and that it has to look real. It does not look real if it is told by simple narration, rather than it tells itself.The author puts an obstacle between the illusion he creates, which is supposed to look real, and the reader, by putting his own voice into the story. There is only one rule for the author, to stick to the point of view he has chosen to write in. Forster thinks the same as Lubbock, but prefers to regard the novel otherwise. He says that the author is not robbed of his privilege. He uses his omniscience and tells by that a secret life. He can even shift between points of view as long as it is convincing to the reader. Beach's study of the technique in the twentieth-entury novel mainly says that the story tells and speaks for itself. The author lets his characters speak for themselves about what they feel and what they think. The author does not need to explain it any further. Schorer takes Lubbock's theory of point of view even further. He examines the uses of point of view not only as a mode of dramatic delimitation, but more particulary, of thematic definition. An author controlles the values and attitudes in his created world by the mode they are told. Today it seems more believable the farer away the author is in his novel.

To explain the point of view, certain questions may arise. Such as With what kind of telling can the author create the smallest distance between the story and the reader? From what angle does the story tell itself? Who is talking to the reader? How does the author bring information towards the reader? These questions can only be answered by explaining the different types of point of view. The following paragraphs will show the different modes. They are arranged from "telling" to "showing". The author will be less present in every new type explained than before, until total abscence.

Editorial Omniscience

The author appears as "I" or "We".He knows everything about the characters and the scenes. His point of view is unlimited. The reader does not only get the information from the characters and what they think, but also from the author's mind and what he thinks. He reports what happens, but also criticizes it. The author can shift his focus back and forth as often as he pleases.

Neutral Omniscience

This Omniscience differs only from editorial omniscdience with the absence of the direct authorial intrusions. Even though the author mainly speaks in the third person, his own opinion can still be seen. The characters in his text speak for themselves, but because of his omniscience the author explains them and events with his own voice. He mainly is a narrator, but can still express his own thoughts. The main charactaristic of omniscience is the fact that the author can always put his own values between the reader and the story. He does not need to have the same opinion as the characters in his story and can say it.

"I" as a Witness

If the author choses to write in this mode, he gives up his entire omniscience and has the story told by some one else. The witness-narrator is a character in the story and speaks to the reader in the first person. He is not an active part of the plot, but has acces to all the characters. He might even have glimpses of what the characters feel and think, by seeing i.e. letters or diarys. The scenes are presented by the witness and as he sees them, so they are delievered directly to the reader.

"I" as a Protagonist

There is not much difference between the "I" as a witness and the "I" as a protagonist, but as a protagonist the narrator is an active part of the plot and is involved in most of the actions. Therefore the narrotor can only express his own thoughts and feelings. He can only guess what the other characters are thinking.

Multiple Selective Omniscience

Choosing this style of writing, the reader does not have anybody talking to him anymore. The story is told by the characters minds and thoughts. The question may arise, what the difference is between this omniscience and the ones shown before. The diffence is that the scenes are not explained by the author, they are just told as they happen out of a characters mind. The story is told as if it happens right then. Editorial and neutral omniscience axplain and summarize a scene after it happened.

Selective Omniscience

With this mode, the reader is limited to only one mind of one of the characters. This character can only guess what the other characters might think or do while he is not with them. In every other way, it has the same charactaristics as multiple selctive omniscience.

The Dramatic Mode

In the dramatic mode, the reader can only read the actions of the characters and what they say. Nobody is speaking to the reader and the reader has no option to know what the characters think by only reading. Usually it is said that the dramatic mode is supposed to be played in front of an audience and fiction is to be read.

The Camera

This mode leads us to the ultimate authorial exclusion. A scene is transmitted without any selection or arrangement of information. The biggest problem that arises in this mode the complete loss of structure, which leads to the question if literature loses its charactaristic of being an art.

Today the point of view has changed compared to the Victorian novels mainly because of the change in fashion. It cannot be said if it is for the better or the worse, but in modern novels it is liked better to have a feeling of being within the story and not being far away from it. But still, the choice of point of view to be made by an author can be compared with the choice of verse by a poet for lyric. By choosing a certain point of view the author can define the distance he wants the reader to have to the story. He creates the atmosphere around the novel. By giving up more of his authorial intrusions he gains a more realistic illusion. And creating a realistic illusion should be the main aim for an author nowadays.

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Qantas Business case-study

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Shift work and its impact on organizations and individuals can be discussed from several approaches. Due to the limited extent of this work I want to summarize and discuss the importance of attributes of 1-hour shifts in the mining industry under social, psychological, physiological and performance aspects. Of these attributes, the first three are more important for the employees.

Social attributes include domestic life and social life. A longer period of leisure time allows workers to go home, although this probably depends on the location of the mine. The chance to join family and friends, to watch the development of the children, to experience 'full fathering' (ACTU report, 001) and to participate in other leisure pursuits has a positive impact on the social life of the employee. "Twelve-hour shifts offer larger and more frequent blocks of leisure time…" and "…minimizes the number of trips to and from work."(Williamson, Gower and Clarke, 14, p 87). "Being able to take several days off at a time is the greatest attraction" for employees (Nelson and Holland, 18, p 11). The fact that the majority of the workers in the mining industry live near the mine during the shift may decrease the worth of the reduced number of trips to and from the mine in this particular industry. Nevertheless the attraction of large blocks of off-days is the major incentive of the 1-h shift schedule. Among the employees the compressed workweek is very popular and this preference for the 1-h roster should be taken into account.

Psychological well-being and the reduction of psychological distress are important concerns of the employees. The workers prefer 1-h schedules because they experience less tension, positive changes in mental state and better mood and this leads to an increase in well-being (Williamson et al., 14).

Physiological attributes include, for example, sleep patterns, circadian rhythms and short-term and long-term health outcomes. The empirical results considering health outcomes are ambiguous and one should interpret them carefully. Williams et al. (14) found that the change from 8-h shifts to 1-h shifts seems to improve the physical conditions of the workers, including a decrease in gastrointestinal, and sleeping problems, and irritability. An 1-hour roster tends to improve the health of the employees. The results of Rosa and Bonnet (1) on the other hand imply that 1-h shifts are associated with increased fatigue and sleep deprivation.

All the aspects mentioned above are also important for the employer, because a physiological and psychological healthy worker is better for the company than an ill or depressed one.

However for the employer the performance aspect of the 1-h shift schedule, which includes productivity, safety and error, alertness, "first night dips" and absenteeism, seems to be the most important attribute. According to Thomas (in Nelson & Holland, 18, p ) "the most frequently cited reasons by organisations for adopting 1 hour shifts are a reduction in lost time due to shift changeovers, and an improvement in production and efficiency." The increase of productivity and reduction of cost are the major incentives for the organization to change to a 1-h shift. The need for fewer staff levels and the simplified system which is easier to administer, are other advantages of a 1-h shift schedule. (Nelson & Holland, 18). "Folkard, Rosa & Bonnet, and Landy all express concern about the safety and error rates of night shifts, and the extra fatigue effects of 1 hr shifts, which may lead to greater errors" (S. 5, Lees, 00). This and the reduction of alertness on the 1-h shifts (Rosa & Bonnet, 1) should be taken in consideration from the organizational side, because it can negatively affect the company's outcomes. Another important point, which impairs performance and also has negative influence on safety, is the first night dip (Lees, 00). Furthermore, Williams et al. (14) point out that under the 1-h schedule more short leaves were taken. It cannot be in the interest of the organization to increase the amount of absenteeism, safety risks or error rates.

Despite the positive features of a 1-h roster, which are also discussed in question number two, the employees and employers have to be aware that a change to a 1-h shift should not be made because it is fashionable or motivated by the possibility of "moonlighting", which could be a dangerous threat to health (Nelson & Holland, 18).

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For the mining industry discussed in the tutorial, I want to recommend the following two schedules, the "continental", as an 8-hour shift schedule, and an "Compressed --4" as a 1-hour schedule.

The 1-hour schedule (see table 1) is a 1 hour days, 1 hour nights and then four days off roster. It includes rapid forward rotating hours, continuous work weeks and requires four crews to provide the 4 hour cover.For any particular day, two crews are off, a third does the night shift and the fourth does the day shift. The system contains not more than two nights in a row followed by a block of days off. The day shift starts at 8 am and the night shift at 8 pm. The basic sequence is 8 days and the major cycle is 56 days long

The "Continental" or -- roster (see table ) is a rapid, forward rotating system. It is a continuous work system with no more than three successive night shifts followed by off time. After seven working days there are two or three days off. The day shift starts at 7 am, the afternoon at pm and the night at 11 pm. There are four schedules, so on any particular day there is one crew off and the others running either a day, afternoon or night shift. The schedule has a major cycle and a basic sequence of 8 days.

Considering the factors mentioned by Landy (in Lees, 00), which cause shift work coping problems, I want to draw attention to the direction and speed of rotation, the length of major cycle, the starting time, the sequence of the shifts and the continuous work weeks.

My main focus is to prevent employees from negative health outcomes. According to Wilkinson (in Folkard, 1) the main problem of shiftwork is that people have evolved to be adapted to the day and night rhythm of our environment. Shiftwork displaces the sleep-wake pattern (Akerstedt in Folkard and Monk, 185). The reason is that our endogenous 'body clocks' and circadian rhythms impair our adjustment to sleep in the day and work at a night.. Considering the fact that there are two main ways to avoid the continual disruption of circadian rhythms, the rapidly rotating shift system is chosen. This system minimizes the number of successive night shifts, which should lessen disruption of circadian rhythms (Folkard, 1) and decrease the build-up of fatigue (Williams et al., 14). According to Pierce, Newstrom, Dunham and Barber (18, p 100) "rapid rotation every two-four days … is expected to minimize the disturbance of the employee's biological rhythms and to avoid an accumulation of sleep deficits." Rapidly rotating shift systems seem to decrease the cumulative sleep debt, which is one of the combined factors that impair performance and safety on night shifts. Furthermore, on rapidly rotating systems, employees tend to be happier (Folkard, 1).

A rapid backward rotation should be avoided, because of the occurrence of "quick returns" or "double-backs" (Lees, 00). Pierce et al. (S. 101, 18) recommend, "rotate shifts clockwise, from mornings to afternoons to nights".

A long and difficult schedule complicates the employees' planning and organisation of social life (Lees, 00). This is the reason why the major cycle of the two recommended schedules are just 8 and 56 days long.

I recommend a continuous work week because any shut down of the mine or production stop impairs the productivity.

The compressed work schedule in particular has the advantage of larger periods of days off. I already discussed the advantages under question one, but also the "the continental" comes up with one three day off period in each major cycle.

The recommended sequence of shifts takes into consideration that after a row of third or night shifts a period of time off should follow and that no shift starts before 7 am (Lees, 00).

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Dylan Thomas

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Dylan Thomas

Dylan Thomas Final Trip to America Dylan Marlais Thomas was born in Swansea, Wales on October 7, 114. He died November th, 15 in New York City. In only years, Dylan Thomas left an indelible mark on history. Thomas published numerous books of his poetry, plays, short stories, and various other works. He first toured America in early 150, reading at a variety of public forums. This tour was very successful and Thomas fell in love with America, a romance that would bring his end just more than three years later. This first lecture tour of three months was a roaring success, or roaring and a success (Sinclair, 166). Thomas gave great lectures on this tour, but more importantly, he discovered New York City. New York seemed to egg him on (Ferris, ). Dylan grew fond of some of the seedier Irish bars of Third Avenue and particularly…the White Horse Tavern (Sinclair, 164). Dylan was even forced to leave his hotel because of drunkenness (Ferris, ). Thomas had gained a reputation of being a heavy drinker and he wasnt ready to disappoint his American followers. Dylan lived up to his roistering and shocking reputation, while turning in some of his greatest performances as a lecturer (Sinclair, 166). He was loudly applauded, Ferris wrote, His rich voice overcame any problems of meaning. People frequently said that Thomas way of reading made them understand poems for the first time; but it may be under the influence of his voice, the literal meaning of a poem became irrelevant (). After only two readings in New York, Dylan moved on to tour the rest of the country. Thomas moved west stopping in major cities all over America to lecture by day and drink by night. Tales of his growing dependence on alcohol preceded him. The quality of Dylans lectures deteriorated as he moved west on his tour of American bars. For the final five weeks of his visit to America, Thomas returned to New York (Ferris, 48). Dylan described his last two weeks in New York as a liquid, libidinous fortnight (Ferris, 50). Thomas admitted to having three affairs during the trips (Ferris, 50). He left for home on June 1st, 150. When Thomas arrived at his home in Laugharne, Wales he discovered that his trip to America did not prove to be lucrative enough to support his poetry for any extended period of time (Ferris, 5). Being at home, with his wife, Dylan recuperated from the wear and tear of his first tour (Sinclair, 17). He wrote that he had to ruin his health again because he felt so preposterously well. Such were the healing powers of Laugharne - and of love (Sinclair, 175). During this period at home, Dylans father became ill and Dylan was shocked into his last fertile period of writing poetry (Sinclair, 175). By the end of 151, Thomas had agreed to take another lecture tour of America, This time however, his wife Caitlin, having received news of his love affairs on his last tour, insisted on going (Sinclair, 176). This tour went on with moderate drinking by Thomas. Caitlin assisted by spending whatever money Dylan earned. The second and the first trips were very similar in form. Dylan left For Wales on May 15, 15. Thomas returned to Laugharne and his Fathers condition worsened. DJ Thomas died on December 16; Dylans own health was beginning to deteriorate. Years of heavy drinking, heavy smoking, and hard living were beginning to take their toll just two months after his 8th birthday (Ferris, 87). Thomas was suffering from many ailments, several pulmonary in nature (Ferris, 87). Despite all of this, needing money, Thomas agreed to tour America for a third time (Ferris, 88). He left on April 1, 15. Thomas soon began an affair with a woman he was working with named Liz Reitell (Ferris, 8). Dylan was receiving opportunities in America, but was finding it difficult to produce anything at all (Ferris, 1). Reitell and Thomas fell in love and Liz soon became worried about his drinking problem. He fell down a staircase while drunk and broke his arm. Reitell took him to see Dr. Milton Feltenstein who set his broken bone and treated him for illnesses held over from England (Ferris, ). Thomas returned to England, as scheduled, a few days later. Dylans condition quickly deteriorated. He decided to return to America shortly after coming home. Many feel that this was an attempt at self-destruction. His body could not take another trip to America, but Thomas was determined. Caitlin did not approve of this trip, but was not going to accompany him (Ferris, 7). Dylan took off for America on October 1th. Reitell met Thomas on his arrival in New York (Ferris, ). The next few days, Thomas kept from drinking (Ferris, ). Reitell said the were the loveliest days I had with him. He wanted to take walks. He wanted to eat. But he also was frightened (Ferris, ). After this period, Thomas began drinking heavily (Ferris, 00). Thomas health appeared to be continuing to deteriorate by the day. Reitell took him to see Dr. Feltenstein On October, he treated Dylan and told him not to drink so much (Ferris, 00). Thomas drinking only accelerated after this. Reitell, convinced that Dylan wished to die, accompanied him on Monday the 6th and watched him as he slipped into a temporary madness (Ferris, 01). The 7th, Thomas birthday, was more of the same. He was forced to leave his own birthday party because he felt ill; he returned to his hotel (Ferris, 01). Dylan spoke without any problems on the 8th and th (Ferris, 01). He spent the 0th with Reitell and another woman. On the 1st, Thomas resumed drinking heavily and began telling stories of his childhood and professing his love for his wife (Ferris, 0). Sunday, November 1st passed without any significant happenings. November nd started with Thomas drinking beer in the morning, the meeting Reitell and going to dinner with her (Ferris, 0). Tuesday the rd started with Thomas drinking in his room. He kept some previous meetings for drinks with Reitell and returned to the Hotel in the evening. That evening, he admitted to Reitell that he wanted to die (Ferris, 0). The next morning at 00, he left his room for a drink. He was gone for an hour and a half (Ferris, 0). Upon his return to the hotel room, Thomas said, Ive had eighteen straight whiskies. I think thats the record (Ferris, 04). Eighteen whiskies was probably an exaggeration (Thomas was known to embellish his drinking stories). Thomas woke up on the 4th and walked with Reitell to the White Horse to drink two beers. They returned to the hotel, Thomas sick (Ferris, 04). Reitell called Dr. Feltenstein again. He came to the hotel and medicated Thomas to ease his pain (Ferris, 04). After sleeping for a while, Thomas woke up and complained of hallucinations. Reitell called Feltenstein again. When he arrived, he injected Thomas with a half grain of morphine sulfate (Ferris, 04). Thomas breathing was depressed enough from his asthma, smoking, and a case of pneumonia that a half-grain of morphine could have been enough to limit the oxygen to his brain (Ferris, 06). Thomas slipped into a coma and was taken to St. Vincents Hospital. He lived on in a coma until November th. Thomas cause of death was under two headings, acute and chronic ethylism (alcoholism), and hypostatic bronchopneumonia (Ferris, 08). Debate still surrounds Thomas death. The newest theory blames Feltenstein. Feltenstein failed to recognize that Thomas was a diabetic. The new theory claims that Feltenstein not only administered morphine, but also cortisone and benzedrine which would have propelled Thomas into a diabetic coma. The new theory also states that Thomas was not an especially heavy drinker, he simply drank enough to inebriate him every night. Nashold and Tremlett say, It can be said with certainty that Dylan Thomas did not die of an acute alcoholic intoxication of the brain. These theories do not overshadow the fact that people around Dylan Thomas felt that he was going to die before the events in New York in the fall of 15. Thomas did not want to live to the age of forty. He was a young poet and will stay perpetually young. Thomas says this in his own word in part of Poem on His Birthday …Oh, let me midlife mourn by the shrined And druid herons vows The voyage to ruin I must run, Dawn ships clouted aground, Yet, though I cry with tumbledown tongue, Count my blessings aloud… ..And this last blessing most, That the closer I move To death, one man through his sundered hulks, The louder the sun blooms And the tusked, ramshackling sea exults…

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The quest for french toast

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Wait a minute! Wait a minute!! WHAT ABOUT THE HORSIES!!! I WANA

TAKE THE HORSES!! Irene yells. Im not going anywhere without my

horses! she exclaims and begins to pout. Finally after much

deliberation (and mabey a little tiny temper tantrum) Irene Boards

the flying Weavil along with enough horses for every one. HA! and

you thought youd catch me walking all the way across hell! I DONT

THINK SO! Once everyone was squeezed aboard (which was very

difficult with all those horses) they began to take off. Five

secons later (Oh yeah this thing is SOOO fast! Yeehaw!) The tall man

in black yells OK! Brace for impact Im not sure if the Vortex will

open in time!! But just before they hit the wall The vortex slips

open and they all pass thru unharmed...woohoo! Lets do it again!

Irene yells and starts jumping around. But then she stops and

stares...Ohhhh! the outer recesses of hell!! So pritty!! but then

they all hear a strange grinding noise uh-oh! everyone says in

unison...

just then a man carriwing a small nail gun walks up. hey! you

cant

overthrow that evil empire! i happen to be a scout for that empire

and im getting promoted to general soon! jsut then his weapon

explodes and he turns into a 7 1/ foor tal man dressed all in

black um...oh...right...what was a video game i played

before...uh...never mind...anyways! AHEM! the now tall and slower

man clears his throat and in a big dramatic voice he says well, i

see you all want to raid hell for french toast...and, sicne all of

you seem to be idiots we oput that damned fire out, its a rather

nice place now, but they stuck me on clean up...i spent the lest

50

hears clearing away the burnt homes and stuff...i tell ya, invite

the angel of fire for ONE POKER game, and ya better damend well

not

beat him! it took FOREVER to put that fire out! anyways, i happen

to

be on my way back there with now, i got the flying weavel out back

fuled and ready to set off, and sut in case your wondering well be

flying face first into a mountain...unles i actualy get my vortext

open in time, if so well slam face first into Satans mountain in

hell, a little more painfull but hey, i got enough health

insurance

to handel iraq! the man then ralizes hes standing on the anti-

hero oh....im sorry, i didnt notice you there when i jumped in

through the roof the man steps off of eron and walks over to the

french tast bin and picks it up now, while i can get us an easy

ride into hell, i can only stop us at pandemonium, where Satans

palace is, and the french toast vault it on the other side of

hell,

so itll be a long walk, and the soup weasles will be attackign us

at

least half the trek, but if you want french topast THAT BADLY, i

guess we can pull it off. so whaddya say?

A glazed look comes over Irenes eyes as she remembers her

childhood.

ahhh hell...i remember that place fondly. Its soooo nice and

warm

and the people u meet there are so interesting...i mean have u

ever

met Hitler? or my evil twin...(who shall remain nameless at this

time

so we can intro her later hehe) they all live in Hell and are

sooooo

interesting! the storys they can tell! oh ya and that

Dameon...isnt he a hunk and a half yowie!!!! she starts

panting.

and then notices that everyone is giveing her strange

looks. ahem

sorry about that I seem to be in the habbit of getting carried

away

latley huh? any ways how do u plan on getting there...Id love

to

go

back and visit the gang again. I suppose i could get u passage

into

the great french toast vault...its kept under the stricktest

security but hey i have my...um ways of getting around down

there.

Someone fetch the horses...um u do have horses right Xeno?

ummm, overlady person.. you ask me what Im doing here, but

the

real question to all of you is this, WHAT THE HELL ARE YOU ALL DOING IN MY HOUSE!!?????? Xeno gazed around to the people before

him and

crossed his arms then looked to his French toast bin to find

it

all

eaten... a vein appeared on his forehead and he held up his

fist,

then Xeno realized something. Hey, L chan you said that you

ate

all

my french toast, and Eron youre an adventurer, and Irene

youre

crazy!! so we should all look for some french toast as a

team...

but......the only place to get french toast these days is

hell,

and

its hot this time of year...

EVIL EMPIRES ARE EVIL!!!! came a voice from Xenos

kitchen.

The

voice belonged to a girl, who came walking into the room

where

the

group was standing. She wore long robes that looked like

they

belonged to a mage a some sort, and her hair was big and

bushy

and

was most likely hiding small animals. The group gave her a

questioning look. Hehehe, HI! Im L-chan! Ive been living

in

Xenos

house for the last months. Xenos your not a very

observant

person,

oh yeah, if youve been wondering where all your French

toast

has

gone, Ive been eating it… er sorry. But I couldnt help but

over

hear your conversation, and as I said before, EVIL EMPIRES

ARE

EVIL!

she said with an over dramatic heroic pose. Who will join

me

in

the

fight to OVER THROW the EVIL EMPIRE? ...

nope i dont...but for someone who wants the chicks u

dont

treat

them very good huh...? The person who had bumped into

Eron

was

a

lady. She stared him down with the most evil of all evil

looks. Now u, little man,...do u know who I AM? You

shouldnt

be

messing with me, really u shouldnt. I am the over lady

of

this

here

evil empire that u are so bent on dissing. My name is

IRENE!!!!

and

i will rein supreme over all and u will all be my slaves

MWAHAHA HAHAHAH AHAHAHA HAHAHA HAHAAHHA HAHAHAH AHAHAHAHa

breath

hahahaah ahahahahaha ahahaahah ahaa hahaah ahah ahaahaha hah ahaha haha hahahah

a

hahah ahahaha haha ahem sorry bout that i seem to have

gotten

a

little

carried away. What is your buisness here Xeno and

strangely

odd

Eron?

Xeno is walking through his house and suddenly a

strange

urge

to

eat

French toast comes over him, another person walks up

to

him

and

a

huge grumble is heard..

Stupid evil empires., said the man, whom Xeno looked

up

to.

The

man

was nearly 6 feet tall, wearing a tattered cloak and

trying

to

brush

his dark hair away from his eyes. He was pounding his

fist

in

his

palm while walking, almost in a circle around

Xeno. You

know

what.

said the man, looking straight at Xeno. Evil empires

suck.

They

always pop up when you least expect it. And that is

never

a

good

time. No not for me. You know why? Because I am an

adventurer.

And

at the same time, Im evil. Well, Anti-Hero at best.

And

that

means

Im either out of a job at ruining peoples lives, or I

have

to

join

the renegade band of misfits who decide to take down the

empire.

And

god damnit, although I love being the cult favourite,

hero

always

gets

the chicks! The man then grabbed Xeno by the collar,

shaking

him

madly. I want the chicks! Im Eron!

After proclaiming who he is, Eron let go of Xeno, fixing

his

collar.

Oh, sorry. Ill be on my way. Eron slowly began to

walk

by,

before

being bumped into by someone else. Hey! Watch where

you

are

going.

Do you know who the hell I am?

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THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGOANALYSIS OF CERTAIN PAINTINGS

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ARTI INSTITUE OF CHICAGO

Landscape with the Ruins of Castle of England

The color usage, odd balance, and setting of the painting compel the viewer to experience a mixture of feelings. The picture is very dark and gloomy especially with looming overhead clouds. The weather seems to parallel the castle's broken stature. The singular remaining tower stands prominent in the skyline above the rolling hills and trees, yet it is still crumbling. There are subtle things, like the shepherd and flock, and the house in the distance, those add to its overall effect. You are drawn in. The artist leaves just enough of the structure so that you can imagine what the castle once was.

The Old Temple

Even though the piece is entitled after the main building that is presented, it seems that the people and their separate actions are the main focus. Even though the people are small in size comparison to the temple, the people are more modern in contrast to the temple which seems to be more old-fashioned. The artist uses color to show the age of the temple. In order to concentrate on the temple, the viewer must view the piece from a distance. After seeing from a distance, the viewer will notice the broken pillars, hole in the ceiling, and statues that seem to need much repair. Even with all these repelling details there still seems to be much balance.

The Fountains

This painting, like the above, has a subtle blend of modernity and relic. The arches and the sculptures are ancient. Yet the people are modern. The balance of color is obvious in the way the fountains are portrayed. Not like the Old Temple the piece allows the viewers to concentrate solely on the fountains at a close distance.

Armida Abandoned by Rinaldo

The background colors are somewhat light and subtle. This allows for the bright colors of the main characters to shine through and be emphasized. The colors are very rich and very much in balance. The most color is present in Rinaldo, who seems to be the main character. Within him there seems to be a struggle. The two soldiers are urging him to the boat, and although he seems inclined, he is still held back. Armida is woefully pleading with him to stay. Her exposed thigh is good-looking, and it seems that Rinaldo is concentrating on her thigh rather than her. Even though Rinaldo is being urged to depart, it is obvious his focus is on Armida's thigh. Since the focus is upon Armida and Rinaldo they are portrayed in the brightest colors.

The Resurrection

Storytelling seems to be essential to the development of this work. The distress of the soldiers and the triumph of Christ over the soldiers is the main part of the story. The movement of the painting seems to be outward toward the viewer. Also, a very subtle action that may be passed by is the action of the angel. The angel seems to be pointing at Christ in a sign of warning and informative. He seems to be saying Christ is the way and don't reject him as the common people did. The whole work seems to portray the splendor of Christ. Overall, this painting seems very real.

The Assumption

There seems to be much movement in this piece. However, it's in unity upward. The common people are looking up at the Virgin. The angels are looking at Mary and even Mary is looking up. In addition, to all of this, the Virgin is standing on top of the moon. As for color, there seems to be an almost symmetrical balance. There is also a heavenly light that shows forth on the Virgin. The use of balance in the coloring captures the viewer and allows the viewer to then notice and observe the other important details.

Saint Martin and the Beggar

The greater part of the painting simply is Saint Martin and the Beggar. The deep blue clouds provide contrast for the white coat of Saint Martin's horse. The bits of light that pierce through the clouds are strategically placed around the head and shoulders of St. Martin. All these things serve to draw in the viewer. The viewer sees how generous St. Martin is and the appreciation of the beggar. St. Martin's act of sharing his robe with the beggar portrays the heart of St. Martin. However, the beggar seems to show a weird amount of strength in the presentation of his legs. As a matter of fact, the piece is contains a lot of "leg". All of the legs from the horse to the beggar seem to be particularly strong. The beggar is thankful, and looks at St. Martin with admiration and wonder. While St. Martin is almost indifferent, yet still graceful, he kindly looks down on the beggar.

Salome with the Head o John the Baptist

The colors in this painting are very dark. The amount of light that is present serves to emphasize key features. The boy is struggling with the immense head of John the Baptist. Again, the head of John gives off a light. The head of John, however, is still monstrous and insipid. This feeling is augmented by the fact that Salome seems almost indifferent, but satisfied. She is finally able to view the outcome of her actions. The light in the rooms that seems to have no originating point indicates a Divine presence.

The Head of Saint John the Baptist brought before Herod

The main point of the painting is of course the head of John of the Baptist being brought to King Herod. All the faces are concentrated toward this point. Even the man who is exiting has his head turned half away to see the action. From the faces of the people involved it is clear how disgusted they are. The view can see this and is inclined to feel the same way. However the viewer is only inclined. The painting does not totally lack perspective, but it is clear that not all the elements are proportional. Light is radiating from the head of John the Baptist which indicates the heavenly spirit present in John.

Saint John the Baptist Entering the Wilderness

In the piece appear two Johns. One John seems to be at the beginning of a path, and the other seems to be entering the wilderness. Again, John has a halo like light shining from his head. This again points to John's blessed state. The colors seem to get darker as he comes nearer to the wilderness. The largest furthest mountain is also the darkest in color. The rocks of the wilderness are pointed and rough. This painting lacks some perspective. Although most aspects are done with lines, in both places John appears the same size. This guarantees that in the piece John is the main concentration. This non-variation of size places much attention on John.The colors used to represent John and those to represent the wilderness show the view of the danger that is before him, but they also show that he will prevail.

di Paolo vs. Baroque

The Baroque is large and almost engulfs the viewer. There is only one event upon which the viewer may focus; Salome and John the Baptist's head. Perspective is present throughout the painting. It, as is typical of Baroque art, is striking and dramatic. The apathetic expression of Salome, the surprised face of the onlooker, and the grotesque head of John all depict the same point. The use of light, again, adds to the effect. Unlike the Sienese, the colors are dark, poignant. Yet still the effect is the same; the viewer is drawn in. The feelings brought forth from this painting are much stronger and more powerful. Thus, the ultimate goal of the art is achieved.

The most striking difference between these two paintings is how they deal with the presentation of the head of John the Baptist. In the Sienese painting, the entire group is implicated. The entire group feels remorse. However, in the Baroque only Salome is implicated. The viewer is only shown her reaction and the reaction of a girl to contrast. These differences are probably due to the individual purpose of each painting. The paintings of Giovanni di Paolo and Guido Reni deal with the same subject matter, but are incredibly different. The differences indicate the different artistic movements to which the paintings belong.

The di Paolo painting is from the artistic movement knows as the Sienese Renaissance. Art, in this period, had a different purpose than in the Baroque. This art was usually commissioned by private citizens as a means of showing wealth and power. Baroque art, the period which Reni emerged, was used by the Catholic church to spiritualize the common man. Although the paintings are separate the both contain similarities.

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Heat Exchangers

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Most fluids used in the chemical, pharmaceutical, food, and biomedical industries can be classified as non-Newtonian, ie, the viscosity varies with shear rate at a given temperature. In contrast, Newtonian fluids such as water, air, and glycerin have constant viscosities at a given temperature. Examples of non-Newtonian fluids include molten polymer, aqueous polymer solutions, slurries, coalwater mixture, tomato ketchup, soup, mayonnaise, purees, suspension of small particles, blood, etc. Because non-Newtonian fluids are nonlinear in nature, these are seldom amenable to analysis by classical mathematical techniques.

The optimum design of process equipment which handles non-Newtonian fluids could be significantly improved once predictive capability were increased. However, the basic understanding of the fluid mechanical and heat-transfer behavior of non-Newtonian, ie, viscous and viscoelastic, fluids is limited (). A better understanding of pressure drop and heat-transfer behavior of non-Newtonian flows applicable to typical heat-exchanger geometries should lead to the design and development of more energy-efficient processes and to better quality control of the final products. In general, the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid can be significantly larger than that of water. Therefore, the selection of a pump size to provide enough flow rate and subsequently to ensure adequate heat removal or supply is necessary.

A significant heat-transfer enhancement can be obtained when a noncircular tube is used together with a non-Newtonian fluid. This heat-transfer enhancement is attributed to both the secondary flow at the corner of the noncircular tube (, 4) and to the temperature-dependent non-Newtonian viscosity (5). Using an aqueous solution of polyacrylamide the laminar heat transfer can be increased by about 00% in a rectangular duct over the value of water ().

A knowledge of the viscous and thermal properties of non-Newtonian fluids is essential before the results of the analyses can be used for practical design purposes. Because of the nonlinear nature, the prediction of these properties from kinetic theories is as of this writing in its infancy. For the purpose of design and performance calculations, physical properties of non-Newtonian fluids must be measured.

5.7. Micro-Heat Exchangers

A better understanding of transport phenomena in microchannel heat exchangers appears to be vital to the development of some advanced microelectronic devices. In future designs, heat-exchanger passages are expected to be incorporated into silicon substrates for the purpose of cooling substrate-mounted microelectronic chips. The passage dimensions could be made as small (1 [mu ]m) as those of the chip features, in which case the passage size may be comparable to the mean free path of air molecules pumped through the passages. The spacing between two molecules of gas is on the order of 1 [mgr ]m, whereas that of liquid is on the order of 0.1 [mgr ]m (1).

Further research on convective transport under low Reynolds number, quasicontinuum conditions is needed before the optimal design of such a micro heat exchanger is possible. The cooling heat exchanger is usually thermally linked to a relatively massive substrate. The effects of this linkage need to be explored and accurate methods of predicting the heat-transfer and pressure-drop performance need to be developed.

5.8. Electrohydrodynamic-Based Heat Exchangers

Electrohydrodynamics refers to the coupling of an electric field and a velocity field in a dielectric fluid continuum. Electric-field effects on heat transfer in polar gases generally take place via a modification of the gas velocity and temperature boundary layers. Electric fields in complex flows act to change the character of flow stability. Applications of electrohydrodynamics in convective heat transfer are diverse such as in heating ventilation or air conditioning (HVAC) cooling of electronic equipment applications, space power applications, micromachines, ultrasmall high duty heat exchangers, and noninvasive flow control techniques.

Characterization and influence of electrohydrodynamic secondary flows on convective flows of polar gases is lacking for most simple as well as complex flow geometries. Such investigations should lead to an understanding of flow control, manipulation of separating, and accurate computation of local heat-transfer coefficients in confined, complex geometries. The typical Reynolds number of the bulk flow does not exceed 5000.

5.. Flow-Induced Vibrations.

One of the critical limitations of the increased performance of shell-and-tube heat exchangers is the onset of flow-induced vibrations at high shellside fluid flows that result in a loud acoustic (noise) vibration of more than 150 dB, or the vibration of tubes to the extent that the tube walls are worn through. Whereas a great deal of research has been done to understand vibration excitation mechanisms and to develop design guides, much is unknown about predicting flow-induced vibration occurrence, the location and type of damage, and the rates of wear. There is a substantial dependence on experience with the hardware in service, and this severely limits the development of the next generation of heat exchangers. Elimination or substantial minimization of flow-induced vibrations would have a significant impact in power, process, petroleum (qv), and other industries that use shell-and-tube exchangers.

5.10. Flow Maldistribution

One of the principal reasons for heat exchangers failing to achieve the expected thermal performance is that the fluid flow does not follow the idealized anticipated paths from elementary considerations. This is referred as a flow maldistribution problem. As much as 50% of the fluid can behave differently from what is expected based on a simplistic model (18), resulting in a significant reduction in heat-transfer performance, especially at high Ntu or a significant increase in pressure drop. Flow maldistribution is the main culprit for reduced performance of many heat exchangers.

In addition to the reduction in performance, flow maldistribution may result in increased corrosion, erosion, wear, fouling, fatigue, and material failure, particularly for liquid flows. This problem is even more pronounced for multiphase or phase change flows as compared to single-phase flows. Flow distribution problems exist for almost all types of exchangers and can have a significant impact on energy, environment, material, and cost in most industries.

For gross flow maldistribution in heat exchangers, modeling is available for heat-transfer performance prediction, but no modeling is available for pressure-drop prediction. This is because, in most of the cases, the static pressure distribution is not uniform at the exchanger inlet and outlet faces, and no modeling or computational fluid dynamic analysis is possible without the boundary conditions. Gross flow maldistribution significantly increases pressure drop. In addition, because there are an infinite number of gross flow maldistributions possible, the only approach is to analyze the problem numerically for idealized uniform pressure boundary conditions.

No systematic study is reported to quantify the effect of manifold induced-flow maldistribution on a single-phase pressure drop and heat transfer in a heat exchanger. Such flow maldistribution is common in gas-to-gas and liquid-to-gas exchangers with manifolds, and in a plate heat exchanger in which many parallel passages are connected by inlet and outlet pipe manifolds created by plate ports. For two-phase flow distribution, however, no practical methods exist for ensuring the adequate distribution of the vapor and liquid phases among many parallel-flow channels. The result in the cryogenic gas processing area is, for example, that phases are separated and introduced into separate heat exchangers for further vaporization or condensation at a significant penalty in overall thermodynamic optimization of the system. Viscosity-induced flow maldistribution has been hardly analyzed to quantify the influence on heat transfer and pressure drop. Very meager information is available in the literature on natural convection-induced flow maldistribution and its effect on the exchanger heat transfer and pressure drop. A combination of hot- and cold-fluid maldistributions, both tubeside and shellside, can create a more serious problem than the individual maldistributions alone. Heat exchangers involving multiphase flow appear to have the highest likelihood of flow maldistribution and the resulting thermal and mechanical performance loss and flow instability. This is especially critical where multiphases exist at inlet.

Please note that this sample paper on Heat Exchangers is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Heat Exchangers, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Heat Exchangers will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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"Oralism or Manualism" The Voice of the Deaf

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"Oralism or Manualism"

The Voice of the Deaf

What a glorious day, you're having a child. The day you couldn't wait to arrive. But then the doctor comes in and says there were some complications at birth, your baby's fine but will be deaf for the rest of their life. Something you feared but never expected to deal with. A million things are running through your head, why me? What do I do? is my child going to be a vegetable for the rest of their life? No. In fact there are options parents can take to raise their deaf child in a hearing environment but what is the best way for your child. The child can either learn the studies of Oralism or Sign Language.

Early teachers who used sign language were known as manualists. Those who, later in the century, opposed the use of sign language and wanted to limit deaf people to speech and lip-reading called themselves oralists. The terms are somewhat misleading because manualists, at least later in the century, did not oppose oral training. They incorporated speech lessons and lip-reading lessons into their schools and actually usually referred to themselves then as combinists in order to reflect this change. They combined both manualism and oral training. (Baynton)

Oralists on the other hand were not simply concerned with teaching speech and lip reading. They also were stubbornly opposed to the use of sign language in any form. Oralism functioned as an ideology that, in part, depicted sign language as primitive and repugnant. The eradication of sign language was as important to their mission as the teaching of oral communication. Oralist educators later in the century thought sign language belonged to primitive people lower on the evolutionary ladder because the American Indians used sign language and Oralist saw them as living fossils, leftovers from an earlier stage of evolution. (History). Sign language, at that time, was an undeveloped language that held deaf people back. Educators would say that it was morally wrong to leave deaf people thousands of years behind the vanguard of the human race. Learning to speak would supposedly bring them up to the level of hearing people. But was this the case?

It was in the sixteenth century that Geronimo Cardano, a physician of Padua, in northern Italy, proclaimed that deaf people could be taught to understand written combinations of symbols by associating them with the thing they represented. And the first book on teaching sign language to deaf people that contained the manual alphabet was published in 160 by Juan Pablo de Bonet. (Takushi). So the manualist approach had been around for sometime. Throughout the world, deaf people have developed a visual language. The language used by deaf people in the United States is a blend of signs brought from France early in the 1th century. Some signs were already in use in this country. With no formal sign language in existence here at that time, home, local, and French signs blended together to become the American Sign Language, now considered to be one of the most refined and complete sign systems in the world. (Baynton).

But does sign language really hold them back from the rest of the human race? Well research shows the benefits of learning Sign for not only for the deaf but hearing kids as well. In fact, the benefits are so numerous that one has to wonder if perhaps a Sign language should be the second language that hearing kids learn. Children go in and out of phases where they love to mimic, verbally and or physically. Many youngsters, before they speak any words, will even develop signs for many things like juice, milk, the desire to have diapers changed. (Sign). Almost all kids go through a phase or more where they appreciate learning Sign and are very receptive to it. Teaching children Sign or signs before they learn to speak can inspire them to learn spoken language earlier, which is a blessing for many parents. Use of signs gets many children to enjoy communication, and take it to another level, the spoken word.

We live in a world of signs if we see someone to far away to say hello we wave to them. If we see someone do a good job one might give him or her a "thumbs up" to let them know "hey good job" so sign language is nothing new and should be the way to go. But oralists believe there is the need to be able to communicate with the larger world around the deaf person. Therefore, deaf children must learn to speak and lip-read the language of the larger world. The only problem with that is the big picture. To be able to communicate at high level, one needs a well-developed language in ones head. Once one has language in ones head, it is easier for him to learn the language of the larger world and establish more meaningful communication with it. Therefore, deaf children must first learn Sign Language. Then, those of them who are capable of it may learn the language of the larger world as a first foreign language. (Zak).

Oralists feel that learning Sign Language would interfere with babys learning to process sounds or to lip-read. The culture of USA has developed such a bias against multilingual education that it is easy to feel that learning another language at a young age will interfere with learning. (Osgood). However other cultures do not have such a bias. Children, who are raised in those cultures, learn more than one language at their childhood and become multilingual without ill effects. While learning another language simultaneously may delay the process of vocabulary acquisition speech, there is no long-range harm due to this. Since each language maps to reality in somewhat different way, the child can only benefit from the ability to see the world via multiple maps (in the same way physics is enriched from being able to model reality according to Classical Physics, Quantum Mechanics, Special Relativity etc. - various models which provide different approximations to the same reality). (Zak).

Oralist try to make thing's right but in many times their only making things worse. In oralist teachings they say, "We try to educate the deaf child using Oral methods. If he succeeds then fine but, If he doesnt succeed, and this happens, then we divert him to Manualistic education and let him learn Sign Language" (Zak). This is a very big and dangerous gamble. It is essential that the deaf child have a proper language in his head at early age. Oral methods are not reliable means for achieving this end. Children who fail to acquire language using Oral methods are too old to be able to properly acquire Sign Language by the time they are branded as oral failures and permitted to learn Sign Language. This policy is liable to leave them with neither spoken language nor signed language for the rest of their lives. (Zak).

Lola Kaminsky, a professional interpreter for 0 years and daughter to deaf parents believes that Manulist approach is the right way to go. She states, "With learning Sign Language all the other abilities such as lip-reading will eventually come along with it".She has see what happens to people who just can't grasp the Oralist approach and are too old now to learn the ins and outs of Sign Language "they're left in a world of confusion and frustration."

Some children have learning disabilities that hinder them from learning oralism and at what point do you say he's not able to learn. The fact is clear, the manulist approach is the right way to go. Don't let your child get held back from the rest of the world. The deaf community is growing and is stronger then ever now and the growing form of communication is Sign Language. So if one day you have a child that is born deaf be sure to give you child the correct tools to succeed in life. And even if your child is not born deaf sign language is a wonderful approach to language development.

Works Cited

Baynton, Douglas. "The Oral vs. Sign Debate" Revolution Highlights 17. EBSCOhost. Broome Community Coll. Lib., Binghamton, NY. 5 Apr. 00

http//search.epnet.com .

Osgood, Robert L. For Children Who Vary from the Normal Type. Gallaudet Univ Pr 000.

Takushi, Ruth. "Deaf Culture and Language Concerns and considerations for Mainstream Teachers" 000. The American University. 5 Apr. 00.

http//www.american.edu/tesol/Ruth_Takushi.pdf .

Zak, Omer. "Arguments in favor of Oralism are refuted by Manualists" Feb 16.

http//www.zak.co.il/deaf-info/old/oral_arguments.html .

"History of Oral Deaf Education" 00. Deaf Friend Finder. 5Apr. 00

http//www.deaffriendfinder.com/w/education.

"Sign Language The Best Second Language?" 000. Signing With Your Baby.Apr 00 http//www.signingbaby.com/second.html.Please note that this sample paper on "Oralism or Manualism" The Voice of the Deaf is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "Oralism or Manualism" The Voice of the Deaf, we are here to assist you.Your college papers on "Oralism or Manualism" The Voice of the Deaf will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Research on Assertive Behavior

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What does it mean to be assertive? According to Clare Lindsay, professional counselor and author of Conquering Anorexia, you should look out for your own personal rights, needs, and responsibilities.Another important aspect is to treat others as "equals".Be fair and learn to say "No" when requests are not possible.Being assertive can lead to a variety of positive influences in your life.People can enjoy a "pleasant working environment, boost their self-esteem, build confidence, and lower stress".Some helpful ideas to remember when asserting yourself include telling the person how you feel about something, and recognize that your feelings are genuinely yours. (Lindsay, 001).

There are many different types of people in the world.Some are easier to get along with than others.People can be argumentative, resort to name-calling, and act more superior to achieve what they want done.It is up to you to take responsibility for your own feelings.Getting angry doesn't solve anything.You should take the time to discuss with the other individual what is bothering you.Understand that this person also has rights and you should respect those as well as yourself.People will not always get along, but talking it out and using "I" statements will show ownership of the feelings you have toward a situation.When speaking to the person you should also "pay attention to your tone of voice and body language".This is very important.You must make eye contact and make your words understandable (Kowalski, 18).

At some point or another, everyone has been in a situation where you don't want to do something that someone has asked of you.In these moments, you should not let another person make you feel obligated to do something.The best way to get results that will satisfy you would include standing up for your rights.There are a few things to remember when trying to "stand up for yourself." First you should decide whether it would benefit you or not to complete the task at hand.Don't be worried what others think of you once your decision is made.Reference to the person that you've heard what they have asked and the reason you declined their request is because of "you, not them".Another aspect would be to "stand firm". Make sure you are clear on what you say in your response.Don't let people persuade you to change your answer.If the situation becomes unbearable and will eventually change your decision, you must remove yourself entirely.Being in charge of your life is very important in achieving successful assertive communication (Weiskopf, 18).

Many things can be solved without "raising your voice".You need to bring attention to something that is bothering you.It isn't healthy to keep quiet about things that cause you distress or conflict.Some tips to making a situation or environment calm and not hostile would be to "verbalize the problem; stay calm; stick to the facts; and say it again".It helps for the other person to know you are upset.Remaining cool and collected will usually result in a pleasant response."Blame" can cause difficulty in coming up with a resolution to a situation.If you have to repeat something, do so.By only saying it once, this could result in not being heard the first time, and will not resolve your problem (Cornell, 185).

Another way to know you are asserting yourself would be to recognize four different skills of assertiveness.There are basic, empathic, escalating, and I-language assertion.Each of these areas can help once you've determined that you need to be assertive."Basic Assertion" is an easy way to explain what you believe in, and state the way you feel about something."Empathic Assertion" shows that you have some compassion toward people.When using this type of assertion you should acknowledge the "other person's situation or feelings" and then let them know how you feel about it.The third type of skill, "Escalating Assertion", usually presents itself when nothing is happening with the other party involved.Your assertion builds up and you must remain solid in the end.You may have to say that there will be something consequential happening with no results from your assertiveness.For example, "If you don't stop your disrupting behavior in my classroom, I will be required to contact your parents." Lastly, there is "I-Language Assertion".This is very helpful when you want to "express negative feelings." There are sections to make this effective.Make sure that you explain what is happening with the behavior.Then tell how it involves you.Finally, explain the outcome you would like to see as a result.It is important when beginning to assert yourself that you remain focused.Keep following these rules and try them every chance you get.With time you should be able to master situations as they present themselves.You can apply this knowledge with people you are close to.Make sure to clue them in on what is going to happen first. (Counseling & Mental Health Center).

Everyone has rights.When people don't want to give and take they drop those individual rights.People can lose sight of a situation and they will act aggressively or passive.When situations are not handled in an assertive manner, not everyone will be happy with the outcome.(Messina)

Have you ever wondered if there are certain things that lead to "nonassertive behavior"? There are actually "six myths" that promote this type of behavior.These myths are about "Anxiety, Modesty, Good Friend, Obligation, Gender Role, and Strength of an issue".With "Anxiety", people believe that being anxious about something will generally result in a negative interaction.People think that if you are anxious you are more likely to be a failure.You could feel used, walked over, and picked on.When looking at the "Modesty" myth, it usually taps into three areas.You might not have the capability to think you have good qualities.You might not look at yourself in a positive way.Generally, you don't accept that others will say good things about you.Also, you don't praise others.People believe that if you don't believe in yourself, why should you expect others to? When you are not able to accept compliments this can damage your sense of worth.People can also turn good wishes into a controlling situation.Someone may honor you for a good quality.Before you know it, a favor is being asked of you that relates to that good quality.Some individuals just cannot give kudos to others.People might not be aware of the good things that can come from this.Maybe people cannot do this because of a lack of compliments in their life.The "Good Friend" myth suggests that you automatically think someone else knows how you feel about something.Often times this will leave relationships among friends in state of devastation.The "Obligation" myth means that people put others first before themselves.They feel it is necessary to neglect what they need in order to please others.The "Gender Role" myths occur when men and women act a certain way.Women are more likely to accept requests even if they aren't sensible.According to Breitman & Hatch, women tend to be the ones who think it is their job to take care of everything.Why do women feel compelled to take on such responsibility? Men are more likely to take on a forceful attitude.This usually results in men needing to be in control of the situation.The "Strength of an issue" myth can cause people to not put themselves in danger.They don't want to take the risk of being left out.(Counseling & Mental Health Center)

Saying "No" is a very "powerful" word.When saying "No", you should keep it short and sweet.No explanations are needed.People don't have the right to violate your own privacy.Saying "No" is healthy because it leaves more room for things that you enjoy.Sometimes you need to say "No" while you are on the job.Too much can burn you out fast. Many times we are much too hard on ourselves.We start a job assuming so much is expected of us.What it really boils down to is that we are too hard on ourselves.Saying "No" to things that take a lot of our time can be healthy and we should do everything we can to be assertive and minimize stress (Breitman & Hatch, 000).

WORKS CITED

Lindsay, Clare."Being assertive." Student BMJ July 001 p

Kowalski, Kathiann."How to Assert Yourself." Current Health, a Weekly Reader publication

December 18 v5 i4 p1 (1)

Wesikopf, Catherine."How to Stand Up for Yourself." Current Health, a Weekly Reader publication January 18 v4 n5 p1 ()

Cornell, Dixie."How to talk back without raising your voice." RN March 185 v48 p1 ()

Messina, PhD, James and Constance Messina, Ph.D. "Improving Assertive Behavior." Tools for Coping with Life's Stressors http//www.coping.org/relations/assert.htm.

"Learning To Be Assertive." Counseling & Mental Health Center The University of Texas at Austin.http//www.utexas.edu/student/cmhc/booklets/assert/assertive.html.

Breitman, Patti, and Connie Hatch.How to Say No Without Feeling Guilty.New York Broadway Books (a division of Random House, Inc.), 000.Please note that this sample paper on Research on Assertive Behavior is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Research on Assertive Behavior, we are here to assist you.Your college papers on Research on Assertive Behavior will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Duties of a knight

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Introduction

Knights were a important part in medieval times. They were used as protection on the manors to stop invading enemies. The worst hated were the Vikings. Knights did more than just sit around and wait for someone to attack them.The trained for when there was going to be a battle and also taught soon to be knights. They also had tournaments for practice and entertainment. Probably the most common tournament known today is jousting. Jousting is where two opponents are on horses going as fast as they can with very big and long poles and try to hit there opponent off of their horse which is also moving and the opponent also has a pole. In the tournaments they first used very sharp and pointy jousting sticks but too many people were getting hurt and no one thought it would be fun to enter a tournament where you get hurt so then everyone agreed to use blunt jousting sticks instead of using sharp pointy jousting sticks so that people wouldn't get hurt as bad. Jousting then lead to a !

game called tilting that became popular back in the 1400's. Two knights would be on horses heading towards there opponent in narrow lanes so the horses could not hit into the other horse. The knights would carry jousting sticks and try to hit there opponent of of their horse. There was also many other games that took place at the tournaments like sword fighting and many others.

Training

Before becoming a page you would learn take care of the woman in his family.Also during this time he learned how to take care of horses and how to ride a pony.To become a knight you would first have to go through many years of hard work. You would first start of at the age of seven as a page until your teens. During this time a page would learn how to fight with swords and play games that helped him learn strategy and skill. He would also learn how to hunt with birds like hawks and falcons. He also learned manners. When you became a squire you were mainly the knight's servant. A squire would also take care of prisoners in a battle. A squire had to help out his master. If your master went to war you would have to go to war with him. If your master was hurt you would have to dress his wounds. Then if your master died you would have to make sure that your master had the proper burial grounds and funeral. Then i f your were very good and proved it to your master you might become !

a knight. But becoming a knight just didn't happen over knight. (That was a play on words.) Becoming a knight didn't happen until you were eighteen and that was only if you were one of the best pages and squires. Most squires were knighted at a time of peace but some squires were knighted on the battlefield i f they had shown great bravery. The first knighting ceremonies were very simple but then later in time the ceremonies were more complex.For example, in early knighting ceremonies all a knight did was buckle the armor on the squire and he was knighted. In later ceremonies one knight would buckle on the armor and another knight would put on the spurs. The squire then knelt before the knight that was going to knight him. Then the knight would give the squire a blow to the back with his hand. Then the knight tapped the squire on the back again with his sword but he did not cut him because he used the side of the sword that wasn't sharp. After that the knight said "I dub you!

knight" and then he was a knight. When the knight tapped him with the side of the sword it was called the accolade which means neck from the French word col. When Christianity became more popular Christianity was linked in with knighthood. The night before a knight was going to be knighted he would place his armor on the alter and pray all knight. He also would confess, fast, and keep vigil. The next morning he would take a bath which was uncommon in the Middle Ages and put on special clothing.

Cost of being a knight

Back to the tournaments. If you lost to a good knight in one of the tournaments you were forced to give up your armor and horse. Horses and armor were very expensive. It cost $5.55 to have a horse. It cost $. to have a knight and squire for one year at the beginning of the 14th century. At the same time for a okay castle it would cost $08.45. The money produced by the Templar properties in Hertfordshire made $67.10. The knight would probably own his own armor. In the first half of the 1th century a good helmet would start at $10.7. With the accessories it would cost $84 or 800 grams of gold. But everyone thinks there were hundreds of thousands of knights in the Middle Ages. In a country called Essex which was a highly fuedilized country only had 4 active knights in the year of 15. You may think that the horses, the knight and squire pair, and the castle were very cheap but remember that this was 67 years ago. The costs for this was calculated on May 1, 17 so!

your prices may be different.

Orders of being a knight

Knights of the Middle Ages made groups of themselves called orders. They promised loyalty to there leader and made a military organization to defend their land against attacks.

The Code of Chivalry

Chivalry another name for a knights behavior did not happen until Christian ways became part of a knights life. A knight would love a church so much that he would die for the church if he had to. He used his strength to protect the weak.

Clothing

In the 1100's knights wore a sleeved tunic reaching below his knees.Over the one tunic was another tunic that was sleeveless tunic and was open at the sides and was tightened with a belt.Over that he wore a cloak fastened at the shoulders and also wore long stockings with leather shoes.

Then in the 100's the under tunic came down to the ankles.The knight would also wear a surcoat was fur-like and had long sleeves and a hood that covered his head.

In the 100's clothes were more colorful and more complex.The tunic that used to come down to the ankles only came down to the lower back and had buttons going down the front.Every thing was tight on the suit.Decorative hats started to become popular.

In the 1400's there was a ton of decorations.The surcoat was creased and edged with fur.They also started using shoulder pads.The shoes were so pointed hey curled up like one of those elf shoes and then had a chain that went from the point to the knights knee.

Armor

A knight would have a helmet that would cover his head and his nose.A knight would also wear a long leather or padded fabric garment.Over the garment was chain mail armor.Then in the 100's knights started wearing a helmet that covered the entire head.They also wore plates of armor on there legs and arms and other places where the chain mail wasn't strong enough.The shield was much smaller so it could easily moved to protect the face and neck.The knights main weapon for fighting was the lance but the knights also used maces, swords, and battle axes.

In the 1400's the armor would cover the entire body.They started using metal gloves and boots.The swords became less heavy.

Gunpowder became popular in the 100's and a knights armor was so heavy that a knight would have to be lifted up onto his horse with a crane.If he fell off of his horse on battle he could not get up without help and the enemy would kill him.

Because a knight had so much armor on the only way you could tell who he was was by his coat of arms.The knights coat of arms showed up on his shield and on his surcoat that was worn overtop of his armor.His horse also had a cloth which had his coat of arms on it.The knights lance had a small flag with his insignia called a pennon.His helmet had feathers or some other kind of light material on the top.

Knights today

Some of the clubs today include the word knight but I don't know why.So here all the places that involve the word knight.Most of these are Roman Catholic Clubs.

The Knights of Columbus is a international organization.It was founded in 188 by a Roman Catholic priest for insurance benefits for Catholic families.Now they sponsor welfare, educational, and religious programs.If you want to become a Knight of Columbus you must be 18 and be a practicing Catholic.

The Knights of Columbus are located in the United States, Canada,Mexico, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Panama, Guam, and Guatemala.The Knights of Columbus also has the Colombian Squires Department which is a organization for Catholic boys from 1 to 18 years old.

They also help unprivileged children and the handicapped orphaned and anyone else that needs help.They have a film library of about 1 million pages from books in the Vatican.They also offer scholarships and insurance.

The international headquarters are located at Columbus Plaza, New Haven, Conn. 06507.

Knights of the Bath is one of the oldest orders of knighthood in England still around.It was founded by King George in 175 it originally had the king, a grand master, and 6 knights companions. Its name comes from a ceremonial bath, the symbol of purity.

Ending

Now that you have read this report you have found out that it was very had being a knight in the Middle Ages but in my opinion it is not as hard as being a kid in Middle School.

Please note that this sample paper on The Duties of a knight is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Duties of a knight, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on The Duties of a knight will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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