Thursday, February 28, 2019

Aaa

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aaaaThe argument that you can use radio advertising to make your business more profitable omits some important concerns that must be addressed to substantiate the argument. The supporting statement that Cumquat Caf increased by 10 percent in its business over last year's totals because it began advertising on local radio station is illogical. It certainly does not provide support or proof of the main argument.


First, the argument assumes that the Cumquat Caf utilized only radio advertising to promote its services and products. However, there are many types of advertising media that can be used, such as pamphlets, brochures, posters, digital advertising banners on websites, street pole posters, large advertising board on highways, magazine, and newspaper adverts. This business may use other types of advertising media together. Therefore, the argument cannot proof that the business increase came from either radio advertising or the others.


Second, the argument does not state clearly that what kind of the business Cumquat Caf is. Nevertheless, the first and most important thing we must remember is that there are several different types of advertising. No two types of media are the same; therefore, not all types of advertising are recommended for all businesses. For example, if your businesses are restaurants, hotels, car rental companies, shopping centers, adventure parks, and any type of business that deals with traveling customers, billboards are highly recommended due to their lowest exposure cost and the highest reach.


Third, the argument does not mention how reliable the result is. The source of the survey was not addressed to ascertain the results' reliability. Should the survey was conducted by a radio advertising team, it is possible that he have to conceal the accurate information and mislead his clients in wrong data. Also the argument does not reveal the exact profit in figure. Hence, this point possibly lowers the soundness of this argument.


Moreover, the argument omits any significant evidence to show a targeted customer base. The type of listener is also critical to the success of your marketing efforts. Generally, the majority of the listeners of radio are office workers and teenagers.However, advertising is definitely a great way to increase your sales, it can be more effective when it is used properly. If your advertising campaign does not reach many people or proper target base and you do not show a profit, then you are only wasting money.


In summary, since the argument leaves at several key issues, it is not sound or persuasive. If it included the items discussed above, the argument would more have been more thorough and convincing.


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Tuesday, February 26, 2019

Recycling and YOU

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We all know that this country produces quite a lot of stuff. Goods and services, we're the economically-dominant country in the world. U.S. corporate power makes, the world takes. But with all this production, all these goods, comes a need to dispose of what we consider to be no longer useful. Some of it is in fact useful, some of it isn't. But the fact is, we throw away a lot of stuff. Compared to the rest of the world, we dispose of goods much like we market them tremendously disproportional. Each American produces about 4.4 lbs. of trash every day, costing our municipalities a total of $ billion annually; this is far more waste than that of any other Westernized nation. (Columbia Encyclopedia.). But there is a good, or not so bad, side to this a sizable portion of this refuse is single-substance, recyclable material. Considering this fact and our continuously-shrinking landfill space, numerous local governments began some years ago to adopt recycling programs. It was seen as a necessary solution to reduce further waste.


We recycle many different materials now. One which we are all familiar with is paper. Most recycled paper is a mixture of post-consumer waste, which is simply used paper, and pre-consumer waste, consisting of unsold magazines, newspapers, and the like. While there is certainly nothing wrong with making new product out of leftover paper, it is a tremendous waste to continuously produce pre-consumer waste- that is, constantly producing much more than will actually be sold - especially when that margin of excess is expected in every circulation. It would cut down costs and energy of printing presses everywhere - as well as countless trees - if the publications would only produce as much as they expect to sell. Furthermore, it is imperative that the use of 100% recycled paper becomes the norm; when the paper is only a fraction recycled, it is still largely dependent on virgin wood to manufacture the paper. There is no need to accept 5% or 5% recycled, because 100% serves most purposes completely. To save energy and to save trees- and all the animals that depend on the trees- it is imperative that recycled paper become the norm.


Recycling aluminum can reap great benefits as well, reducing monetary as well as environmental costs. To make cans from recovered aluminum, for example, requires 10% of the energy needed to make them from virgin ore. This simultaneously saves ore as well as the pollution resulting from mining and processing. One of the more dangerous and subtle forms of pollution from normal aluminum extraction is the byproduct of Fluorine. Fluorine is the most reactive element on the Periodic Table. Many scientific studies have found it to be an endocrine disrupter (Connett). Endocrine disrupters like this one mimic estrogen and are suspected of causing breast cancer, low sperm counts, early puberty, and interference with fetal development (Quinion). Furthermore, this fluorine (as we know it, in fluoride form) has been found to leech lead from pipes (Masters). It is very dangerous to expose oneself to, especially through ingestion. Yet it is continuously released into water systems under the pretense of helping to clean teeth.


Considering these major benefits - or, rather, avoidance of risk- of recycling aluminum, it is a travesty that there aren't enough recycling containers around. Aluminum's recycling rate, in fact, has not significantly increased since the recycling was first widely implemented in 10. As a result, aluminum is wasted along with its subsequent processing costs. While we hardly ever see recycling cans on the street, aluminum cans are constantly being trashed- as 500,000 were in 17- costing the aluminum industry millions.


Plastic recycling is key in reducing waste. It actually began in 176, and it took many years for it to advance to be able to make as many products as it does utility crates, carpeting, paintbrush bristles, clothing, and so on. Plastic can also directly save trees, as in the new plastic lumber industry. Unfortunately, the recycled plastic must be mixed with a significant amount of virgin wood fiber, as it stands now - but it is still certainly an improvement over pure virgin forest lumber. But with all this plastic recycling technology, it wasn't until 14 that the industry was actually able to make new plastic bottles out of the used ones. Whether the plastics industry does or not is a different story; Coca-Cola, for instance, which pledged years ago to use recycled plastic in their bottles, still does not do so. Largely as a result, 64% of all used bottles become litter, as there is simply not enough use for the plastic (Coca-Cola Campaign). Plastic recycling is very important and useful, but it still has a long way to go.


Recycled glass has a variety of uses- even mixed-color glass, which is normally considered undesirable for manufacturing purposes. It can be mixed with asphalt for skid resistance in road surfaces. It can also be used as blasting abrasive, posing less danger to use than silica sand


(Best Practices Glass) as well as in concrete and even in decorative landscaping. It is also widely used for various construction purposes. However, it does not seem to be able to be remanufactured into more glass bottles.


Steel recycling, especially from cars and trucks but also from food cans, is very economically as well as environmentally advantageous. Manufacturing steel bars from scrap steel requires 74% less energy and 50% less water, while reducing air-polluting emissions by 85% and mining wastes by 5% (mining does, after all, comprise % of our total waste). In 17, more than 1 million vehicles were recaptured and recycled (Steel Recycling for the Environment). Because steel is so recyclable, it is one of the most cost-effective materials in the auto industry (Facts and Figures Automotive Recycling). Unfortunately, each scrapped car leaves 4% of it in plastic junk. Though advances in technology are trying to recycle this plastic, shredded into fluff, the shredding industry isn't large enough to manage the amount of scrapped cars. In fact, California classifies this plastic fluff as hazardous waste (Legislation and Recycling).


There are many more aspects that must be improved in the recycling area. For example, one common use for so-called recycled wood waste is for temporary road surfaces- that is, for logging roads! As long as we continue logging, we are not recycling to any true degree. Another common use for scrap wood is to burn as so-called biomass fuels (Quality Specifications for Biofilter Media -4-00). But burning biomass for fuel creates an excess of CO in the atmosphere, and scrap wood is not in any way a renewable resource.


Now, recycled rubber has many uses. In addition to tires, it is also remade into roofing material, truck tire flaps, floor mats, garden hoses, and shoe soles, among other uses. Unfortunately, only 7% of used tires are recycled (with 11% going to terribly-polluting tire fires)(Waste Tire Recycling Technology). But there are new technologies that are showing promise. Natural Reaction Technology, for instance, can process used tires so that, in addition to being separated into its component rubber, steel, dirt, and fiber, the rubber can be in such fine granules that it is equivalent to new rubber for manufacturing purposes- at a price that can compete with raw rubber (World's first major breakthrough). This could greatly expand the rubber-recycling industry.


Another type of product, packing material - which typically exists to be thrown out after one use - has undergone some significant changes. This can be seen in fully-recyclable padded envelopes and usage of newspaper rather than Styrofoam as filler, both of which have become much more common in recent years. Even Styrofoam peanuts, which emit CFC's, don't compose for many thousands of years, and so frequently annoy us spilling everywhere, have an alternative Eco-foam. It's made from corn and decomposes in water -- biodegradable enough to become mulch, and yet just as strong and shock-absorbent as traditional plastic material.




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Monday, February 25, 2019

Glass Menagerie

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Pragmatic criticism has clearly defined expectations of the relationship between the text and the audience. This type of criticism views the work as something that has been created to achieve certain effects on the audience (such as aesthetic pleasure, moral instruction, certain emotions, etc.) and it judges the work according to whether or not these effects have been achieved. Pragmatic theorists believe the purpose of their text is to teach a lesson that has no end that stays with the audience forever. (Biographical Criticism, 10)


Williams uses his characters desire of escape to demonstrate the WANT to just get away from our realities...to just never exist as a means of solving all our problems. His use of symbolism throughout the play just enhances the lesson we learn. Its easy to escape, but its selfish and irresponsible to leave or family, friends, and lives behind. We need to be strong and overcome the weakness within us. The play uses many symbols which represent many different things. Many of the symbols used in the play try to symbolize some form of escape or difference between reality and illusion. He attempts to illustrate what people do to remove themselves from their problems by creating an alternate reality. Tennessee Williams in The Glass Menagerie is trying to send a message that running away is not the way to solve lifes problems. The only escape in life is to face and try to overcome the predicament in order to solve temporary problems that almost always seem permanent.


The three main characters who illustrate this need most clearly are Amanda, Laura and Tom. Trapped within the confines of a St. Louis apartment building and the Great Depression, the Wingfield family dreams of escape budding poet Tom envisions a future on the open seas, his sister Laura retreats from the resent into a fantasy world of glass animals, and matriarch Amanda waltzes through her past with seventeen gentlemen callers from the Mississippi delta of her youth.


The first symbol of escape, presented in the first scene, is the fire escape. The play opens with Tom addressing the audience from the fire escape. This entrance into the apartment provides a different purpose for each of the characters. Overall, it is a symbol of the passage from freedom to being trapped in a life of desperation. The fire escape represents the bridge between the illusionary worlds of the Wingfields and the world of reality. This bridge seems to be a one-way passage. But the direction varies for each character. The fire escape allows Tom the opportunity to get out of the apartment and away from his nagging mother Amanda and his HANDICAPPED and painfully shy sister Laura. Tom will stand outside on the fire escape to smoke, showing that he does not like to be inside. (Scene 1, pg. ) Toms habit of going to the movies shows us his longing to leave the apartment and head out into the world of reality. A place where one can find adventure and leave all problems at the door. But Amanda, who criticizes him as being a "selfish dreamer", keeps him from entering reality. "Every time you come in yelling that Goddamn 'Rise and Shine! Rise and Shine!' I say to myself, 'How lucky dead people are!" But I get up, I go! For sixty five dollars a month I give up all that I dream of doing and being ever! And you say selfself's all I ever think of. Why, listen, if self is what I think of, Mother, I'd be where he isGONE!" (Part, Scene, pg. ) Amanda sees the fire escape as an opportunity for gentleman callers to enter their lives. Lauras view is different from her mother and her brother. Her escape seems to be hiding inside the apartment, not out. Her escape is being confined by the walls that keep her in her house. We can clearly see that each of these characters act in ways many of us act today. Sometimes we too, like Tom, would like to get away from it all the stress and burdens of everyday life are enough to drive one insane. Other times we long for someone to come along and ease our pain much like Amanda feels. And who can forget the times when we wish the world simply would not exist. It is normal to feel such things, however we see that it is truly not healthy to feel like that.


Lauras glass menagerie is another interesting symbol. Her collection of glass represents her own private world which is set apart from reality, a place where she can hide and be safe. … "a world of her owna world of glass ornaments." (Part, Scene 5, pg.48) There is nothing wrong with having your own solitude and privacy, but it is selfish and naive to block everybody out of your life. As human beings, we seek love, comfort and guidance. For us to disown our own blood and turn the cheek to a world that has so much to offer, we are neglecting ourselves of life as we know it. This is just what Laura does. The events that happen to Lauras glass affect her emotional state greatly. When Amanda tells Laura to practice typing, Laura instead plays with her glass. When Amanda is heard walking up the fire escape, she quickly hides her collection. She does this to hide her secret world from the others. The breaking of her menagerie is a warning that carries a lesson we all should heed. It warns her that her obsession with privacy is tearing her family apart from its very core. Her brother Tom becomes more and more frustrated and compelled with that uneasy feeling of hopelessness. Her want to escape the reality that lies outside her home is causing the family to live as strangers to one another people that feel uncomfortable and afraid of being themselves.


Mr. Wingfield, Tom and Lauras father and husband to Amanda who abandoned them many years ago, is referred to often throughout the story. He is the major symbol of escape. This is because he has managed to remove himself from the desperate situation that the rest of his family is still living in."HelloGoodbye!" (Scene 1, pg. 5) was the only thing written on a postcard he had sent from the Pacific Coast of Mexico. It was the last they would ever hear from their "father". It can be seen that the thing which Tom resents most in his father is exactly what Tom himself will carry out in the end...escape! Through his father, Tom has seen that escape is possible, and though he is hesitant to leave his sister and even his mother behind, he is being driven to it. However, his problems in life are never going to disappear or change. He is still going to have a handicapped sister and lonely mother who longs for him. His leaving the family may only feel as though he is bettering himself, but he is just repressing his reality and trying to form a new reality which consists of one that doesnt involve the caring of a crippled person or the listening of constant nagging. Escape or no escape, his mother and sister still exist. Their problems still exist. Their adversity still exists. Running away from it all only haunted him day and night. Tom left but his going away was not the escape that he craved for. The guilt of abandoning Laura was overwhelming for him. He could not seem to get over it. Everything he saw was a reminder of her. Tom truly followed the footsteps of his father. He realized that leaving was not an escape at all, but a path of even more overwhelming desperation.


In the end, no character made a clean break from the situation at hand. The escape theme demonstrated in the fire escape, the glass menagerie and Mr. Wingfield as well as Toms departure prove to be a dead end. In some way or another, everyone has had to escape from something in their lives that they may have felt that they could not or did not want to deal with. Williams is trying to teach us to deal with our problems rather than straying away from them.


The Glass Menagerie is a play that makes one think about their current situation and wonder if we too are living in our own sort of glass menagerie world. This play brings forth the feelings of sorrow, self-pity, and entrapment, which are common feelings that we all have and need to deal with. In many ways, I can relate to the idea of having the want and the need to escape. But running from the problem will only allow the problem to intensify, making matters worse. Life hands us plenty or fortunate and unfortunate hand of cards to play. We must learn to keep our heads up, our thoughts high and our hearts higher. We need to overcome that which wants to tear us down even if it stems from our inner selves. This play is a true classic and should be remembered as a lesson in life.


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Friday, February 22, 2019

Dhgsdrig jezdhrfgki

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cience is the awareness of right and wrong. In the Crucible, the idea of conscience in strongly emphasized. Miller himself said,


No critic seemed to sense what I was after [which was] the conflict between a mans raw deeds and his conception of himself; the question of whether conscience is in fact an organic part of the human being, and what happens when it is handed over not merely to the state or the mores of the time but to ones friend or wife.


The idea of conscience in the play The Crucible is based very much on Christian concepts, firstly the idea of morality, or conscience of right and wrong, secondly the idea of the confession of sin, and finally the idea of guilt and penance for sins. Conscience, then, as an issue of morality, is defined very clearly at the start of the play. .a minister is the Lords man in the parish; a minister is not to be so lightly crossed and contradicted says Parris in Act One. Here it is established that theologically the minister, in this case, Parris, is supposed to be the ultimate decider of morality in Salem. The Church, in theocratic Massachusetts, defines conscience. Right and wrong is decided by authority, and the authority here is the Church. Law is based on the doctrines of the Church, and Salem is a theocracy.


For good purposes, even high purposes, the people of Salem developed a theocracy, a combine of state and religious power whose function was to keep the community together, and to prevent any kind of disunity.but all organization is and must be grounded on the idea of exclusion and prohibition, just as two objects cannot occupy the same space. Evidently the time came in New England when the repressions of order were heavier than seemed warranted by the dangers against which the order was organized.


So firstly Salem was a place where the conscience of the people was strictly governed by the theocracy, and socially Salem was repressive. However, at the start of the book, we see that the people of Salem have already begun to strain under this strict idea of conscience, this repression. Abigail says to John, I look for John Proctor that took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart! I never knew what pretence Salem was, I never knew the lying lessons I was taught by all these Christian women and their covenanted men! And now you bid me tear the light out of my eyes? I will not, I cannot! Like many others, Abigail is aware of the hypocrisy arising from the strict repression of theocratic Salem, and has begun to rebel against it in her own way. The girls dance in the woods and cast spells, something distinctly forbidden by theocratic law. This is why Abigail seizes the opportunity before her at the beginning of the play she sees the witch-hunt as a means for her to work herself around the conscience of the Church and all its restrictions, and instead establish her own idea of right and wrong. While the theocracy was established for the noble purpose of keeping the community together, the trials and the court that Abigail thus established was for the sole purpose of murdering Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail is not the only one guilty of using the witch-hunt as a means to establish their own means, but others such as Putnam, who used the trials as a means to get land, similarly were able overthrow the usual Salem-restrictive-society-moral-superiority-class and establish their own conception of conscience. It suddenly became possible - and patriotic and holy - for a man to say that Martha Corey had come into his bedroom at night, and that, while his wife was sleeping at his side, Martha laid herself donw on his chest and nearly suffocated him. We see that a new conscience has evolved, stemming from the trials, and the balance began to turn toward greater individual freedom. The community of Salem has turned from a strict, repressive conscience to a conscience where personal gain and common vengeance writes the law. The Church has lost its power to the Court. Mr. Hale, so revered and listened to at the beginning of the play, has practically no weight in the courts of law. The crazy children are now jangling the keys of the kingdom.


Here we must introduce the parallel plot of Johns affair with Abigail. John Proctor has had an affair with Abigail Williams. This has an effect on his conscience. He is a sinner, a sinner not only against the moral fashion but against his own vision of decent conduct. Johns conscience troubles him throughout the play. It manifests itself in Johns relationships with people, and Elizabeth Proctor says to her husband, I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. I never thought you but a good man, John - only somewhat bewildered. Here we see the idea of morality being reflected on a pers from essaybank.co.uk onal level, or, as Miller would put it, Johns conception of himself. He conceives himself as a sinner because of his raw deeds, his adultery. I may blush for my sin, he says to Elizabeth. His ideas of right and wrong are decided by his own vision of decent conduct. The witch-hunt, then, establishes the idea of morality on a different level - the Court. The Court, with its trials, is intent on ridding Salem of evil, inflicting its own morality upon the people. No uncorrupted man may fear this court, Mr. Hale! exclaims Judge Danforth, emphasizing the fact that the Court is seen as the scintilla of morality in Salem. Here the question of whether conscience is organic to the human being is raised. The Courts are there, in part, to provide this conscience, or morality, with the assumption that conscience is not part of the human being, and law is required to provide this conscience, to distinguish good and evil for the mindless human beings.


And thus the Court required that all accused of witchcraft must either confess or hang. Here, conscience has been handed over to the state, the mores of the time, whereby the Courts take the place of God, and decide right and wrong. Confession as an act is important, because it establishes the confessor as a symbol of authority and power. The Court replaces God and has the power to condemn and judge. What happens when conscience is handed over to the state or the mores of the time is repression, and eventually tragedy.


The witch-hunts then became an opportunity for everyone to express publicly their guilt or sins under the cover of accusations against victims. Miller expressly states that these people had no ritual for the washing away of sins.and it has helped to discipline us as well as to breed hypocrisy among us. The confession of sins was, in the case of the Court, a way to wash away the guilt of the people, as well as a manifestation of hypocrisy in the Court as well as people in Salem. John Proctor, on the other hand, faced his own morality when he confessed his adulterous behavior to Elizabeth. At first he believes it is Elizabeth who is judging him, and is angered by this. But I wilted, and, like a Christian, I confessed. Confessed! Some dream I had must have mistaken you for God that day. His confessing to Elizabeth has put her in a state of power again, replacing God as a figure of morality and conscience, as conscience has been handed over to his wife. In actuality, it is John who judges [himself], as put by Elizabeth Proctor. He is unable to escape his conscience after his act of adultery.


Perhaps this is why John Proctor later refuses, along with Rebecca Nurse and others, to falsely admit to being in league with the Devil. Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them who hang! Rebecca Nurse echoes this sentiment when she says Why, it is a lie, it is a lie; how may I damn myself? I cannot, I cannot. They both understand that their conscience will never let them live a life of normalcy if they lie, especially John Proctor. It is ironic then that the idea of conscience as put forth by the Court is now directly opposite to the inner, the organic conscience that John Proctor feels. John Proctor seeks to serve his own conscience rather than that of the Court, and pays the penance death. Is conscience an organic part of the human being? Elizabeth Proctor exclaims, fittingly, I am not your judge, I cannot be. John Proctor has paid the penance for rejecting the conscience of the state, death, but he can perceive himself as a good and righteous person according to his own vision of decent conduct. The transition is complete. Whilst the witch-hunt has destroyed the theocratic, absolute-morality conscience Salem once had, John Proctor, Rebecca Nurse and the others hanged have established their own conscience above the conscience of the courts, of the people of Salem. Do what you will. But let none be your judge. There be no higher judge under Heaven than Proctor is! They have achieved the ultimate individual freedom, and are judged by nobody but themselves. The power of theocracy in Massachusetts was broken. Miller establishes that conscience is indeed and organic part of the human being, and that for all intents and purposes the conscience that is organic to the human being, the same conscience present in John Proctor, Rebecca Nurse and the hanged, is ultimately the truest form of conscience, as compared to the rest of the characters who have conformed to the conscience of Salem and the courts, which is ultimately superficial, repressive, and results in hypocrisy. And thus he ends the play. Please note that this sample paper on dhgsdrig jezdhrfgki is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on dhgsdrig jezdhrfgki, we are here to assist you.Your research papers on dhgsdrig jezdhrfgki will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Wednesday, February 20, 2019

Changing self in year of wonders

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The Year of Wonders is a result of the author Geraldine Brooks explorations through the English countryside where she stumbled across eem AKA the plague town. In the villages museum located in the local church she found that in 1666 the village was convinced by visionary young minister to quarantine themselves within the village to arrest the spread if the plague. During this year two thirds of the village's population died. During her research into the events during that terrible year she came across this entry in the young ministers diary


"My maid continued in good health; which was a blessing, for had she quailed, I should have been ill set…"


Which in Geraldine Brooks own words said. Trying to imagine who this woman could have been, how she may have lived, and what she might have felt provided the voice for my novel.


The theme of changing self is very much represented in the "Year of Wonders".Changing self is the process which everybody is constantly undergoing where circumstance, event, others and intrinsic motivation greatly change how we think, act and feel.


Changing Self is primarily represented through the main character of Anna Firth.It is contrasted with the experiences of others in the village.


The novel begins with a section which is taken from


after the year the plague struck. It introduces Anna the central character and other influential characters, showing their resultant nature after the horrific year. Its purpose is to allow insight into how things turn out which is essential in maintaining interest throughout the main body of the text that lacks a suspenseful plot. Anna uses the phrase "I used to" from the beginning and through out this section indicating that the year was has caused a change in self. The repetitive use of this phrase with other reflective language shows that changing self is a major theme within the novel.


Changing self often involves the input and influence by those who are around us. These people change the way think, act and feel. This aspect of changing self is shown to great extent in the Year of Wonders involving Anna and those around her. The first to enter the novel is George Viccars. George is young tailor from London who is seeking the country life who ends up boarding with Anna. George shatters Anna's illusions of London society and manners.His descriptions give her insight into what sexuality means to others and how it was used and abused by those in power. It also made her realise her naivety of the rest of the world. These were not the only insights that George gives to Anna. When he made romantic advances to Anna she realised how much she missed a man's touch. This type of change is one induced by an incident that only at that point do you realise that you


need to change yourself to accommodate this new feeling, action or outlook. Elinor is the character she elevates to her mother figure. She is the wife of the town's minister and the woman she works for and influences Anna's worldview. She enables Anna to relate to and accept others such as Anys Gowdie. This aspect of changing self is evident in everyone's lives where we have elevated figures be it your parents, elder sibling, best friend or teacher.These are the people who we most identify as those who mould and shape ourselves.


Though prominent, change in self induced by others is not the primary means of showing changing self in the novel.The impact of tragedy such as the plague and the community's choice to cut itself off from the outside world is the main cause of changing self. Anna's experience of grief is profound as anyone in the town. Before the


plague came she had already lost her husband in a mining accident, then George Viccars who she became fond of became the first victim of the plague shortly followed by the death of both her sons also victims of the plague. Then as the ministers maid she was present at most of the townspeople's death, the very people she had grown up with she watched all of them withering away. This horrific chain of events caused her to become understandably depressed at times causing her to resort to drugs. But with her strength of character and the strength of her mother figure Elinor and her husband the towns minister she did not allow these terrible incidents to overcome her. She re-directed herself to become the healer and midwife of her town, inspiring those around her through the tragic year. This shows that both intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation are often required to induce a necessary change in self.But this fate did not befall all the surviving members of the community. The novel depicts negative change of self in others as they respond to the tragedy. For example the puritan girl Jamie Martine as she lost her family changed to the life of a whore. John Gorden another townsman became so mentally disturbed that he thought that by burning all of his belongings as a sacrifice to god and inflicting self-harm he would rid himself of the plague. This clearly shows the aspect of changing self that the same situation will not uniformly change those involved.


Then when Anna thought it was all over the tragic


death of her mother figure occurred. By then Annas new self had become strong enough to withstand the loss of her mother figure. But the minister just fell in a heap. This allowed Anna to recognise that everyone responds to events differently when she says


"I understood that where Michael Mompellion had been broken by our shared ordeal, in equal measure I had been tempered and made strong"


When presented with the opportunity to adopt a child Anna, with her new tempered and strengthened self, takes the chance and saves the child and flees with her and begins a new life in a Middle Eastern port, studying midwifery and other forms of medicine. Anna pursued this study as Elinor had recognised in her a huge capacity to learn and a certain skill in midwifery. This positive result from coming from the harsh nature of change is reflected in the title of the book Year of Wonders.


At the beginning of the novel Anna is a naïve young recently widowed maid. By the end she is a strong independent young women who is able to read both English and some Latin and a very skilled midwife. Geraldine Brooks successfully reflects this through her writing. At the beginning Anna speaks as an uneducated servant would in short factual sentences. Then as she gains greater insight and knowledge from the educated Elinor, Brooks has Anna's language progressively become more eloquent.


In conclusion the Year of wonders represents changing self through the main character of Anna Firth and those around her in the context of great suffering due to the plague.The novel uses the characters and language to give insight into the effects circumstance, event, others and intrinsic motivation has on the process of changing self.


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Tuesday, February 19, 2019

Population growth

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The need for action is pressing in order to feed the expanding human population, expected to increase by almost one billion people per decade for the next three decades at least. Much of this increase will occur in developing countries in the low-latitude regions of the world. To meet the associated food demand, crop yields will need to increase, consistently, by over % every year through this period. Most research on agriculture and climate change has focused on potential impacts on regional and global food production, yet few studies have considered how global warming may affect food security. Food security has been defined as access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. (World Bank, 186). The World Food Summit, convened in 16 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome, highlighted the basic right of all people to an adequate diet and the need for concerted action among all countries to achieve this goal in a sustainable manner (FAO, 16). The overall world production changes mask a disparity in response to climate change between developed and developing countries. The largest negative changes are predicted to take place in developing regions, although the extent of decreased production varies greatly from country to country, depending on the specific nature and degree of the local change in climate. The welfare effects of climate change on individual countries will not only depend upon changes in domestic yields, but also on changes in world prices, and the countrys relative strength as an exporter and importer. Cereal-price increases resulting from climate-induced reductions in yield are estimated to range between 4 and 145%. The combination of production declines in developing countries and increases in prices due to climate change would increase the number of people at risk of hunger. Furthermore, the results show that adaptation strategies do little to reduce these disparate effects. This is due to the fact that developed countries have many more resources to utilize in adaptation strategies than do developing countries. Globally, both minor and major levels of adaptation can help restore world production levels (especially when CO physiological effects are included), compared to climate change scenarios with no adaptation. Low level adaptation largely offsets the negative climate change effects on yields in developed countries, thus improving their comparative advantage in world markets. However, developing countries are predicted to benefit little from this level of adaptation, and may experience a negative change of -% to -1% in cereal production. More intensive adaptation may effectively eliminate the overall global reduction of cereal yields. Whereas under low adaptation cereal price increases range from 10 to almost 100%, under more intensive adaptation the compounding price responses range from a decline of 5% to an increase of 5%. Not only do preliminary analyses of direct effects of global warming indicate greater adverse effects in poor countries, but these same countries are less able to achieve the changes required for adapting. Less developed countries also tend to have less developed capital markets, with access for farmers being a pervasive and chronic problem for many. High interest rates are common even where loans for the agricultural sector can be obtained. If the needed adjustments require investment, these factors will slow or eliminate farmers ability to adapt. Alternative assumption -lowering of trade barriers, low economic growth, and low population growth- were tested both in the absence and in the presence of climate change. Without climate change, the combination of full trade liberalization and low population growth would have beneficial effects on the world food system, whereas the effects of low economic growth would be detrimental. With climate change, the beneficial effects of full trade liberalization and low population growth would be equal to or even exceed the otherwise adverse effects of climate change. Therefore, there may be much to be gained from altering the conditions of trade and development as a strategy for helping to mitigate potentially negative climate change impacts. In the absence of such measures, cereal production would tend to diminish, particularly in the developing world, while prices and population at risk of hunger would increase due to climate change. The unequal distributional aspects of climate change are further supported by differences in income level (poor peasants have a higher degree of risk aversion, they are likely to use fewer purchased inputs and to be less able to make large purchases of equipment; the premium put on assuring minimal levels of production of needed food crops may inhibit rapid shifts in farming systems), access to credit and possibility for diversification (monoculture producers in vulnerable areas -tropical developing countries- will be more heavily affected). Given a presumption of adverse effects in tropical areas, developing countries can expect a slowdown of growth and a decrease in agricultural incomes. Given the large percentage of the labour force engaged in agriculture in low income countries, this effect is likely to increase overall income inequality within countries. Urban-rural disparities would also increase with resulting increases in urban migration and overcrowding. How, then, may climate change alter the ability of the worlds growing population to gain access to food? For subsistence farmers and people who now face a shortage of food, lower yields and yield quality, when and if they occur, may result not only in measurable economic losses but also, indeed, in malnutrition and possibly famine. A compendium of recent work on this topic is found in Downing (15) Vulnerability to famine is a complex concept that integrates environmental, social, economic, and political aspects. Groups most vulnerable to climate change in regard to food security may be those who are most exposed to the risk of climate change impacts on crop productivity and changes in commodity prices, with the least capacity to cope with unfavorable changes in agricultural conditions and to access food, and therefore, prone to suffer the severest consequences of famine, malnutrition, and debility. Groups vulnerable to hunger in the present, and likely to be vulnerable to climate change effects in the future, include rural smallholder farmers, pastoralists, wage laborers, urban poor, refugees, and other destitute groups. Of these, the most vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change are probably rural subsistence farmers, landless wage earners, and urban poor they have little food security now and therefore are susceptible to even small changes in agroclimatic circumstances or economic status (Bohle et al., 14). For households that both raise food and work off the farm, climate change may affect the time for crop planting, but this may conflict with critical off-farm employment. In the Basic Linked System, the number of people at risk of hunger was defined as those people in developing countries (excluding China) with an income insufficient to either produce or procure their food requirements. The BLS estimates that with climate change, declines in yields in low-latitude regions are projected to require that net imports of cereals increase under all scenarios tested. Higher grain prices will affect the number of people at risk of hunger. For the climate change scenarios without adaptation, their estimated number increases 1% for each -.5% increase in prices. The number of people at risk of hunger grows by 10-60% in the scenarios tested, resulting in an estimated increase of between 60 million and 50 million people in this condition, by 060. With less agricultural production in developing countries and higher prices for foodstuffs on international markets, the estimated number of people at risk of hunger will inevitably increase. The largest increase occurs with a global mean surface temperature rise of 50C and with no beneficial physiological effects of CO on crop growth and yield. The smallest change, a decline of %, is seen to occur with a 40C warming, full CO physiological effects on yields, and high levels of farmer adaptation. As a consequence of climate change and adaptation level 1, the number of people at risk of hunger increases by 40-00 million (6-50%) from the reference scenario of 641 million people. Word Count 1 Please note that this sample paper on population growth is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on population growth, we are here to assist you.Your research papers on population growth will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Friday, February 15, 2019

Career Opportunities

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Like I previously mentioned my place of employment has a very small staff, including myself there are only two more staff members. I am not including the owners of the practice who are the psychologist and the therapist. Considering the small staff career opportunities are not very common. Once you are the office manager the only step up will be to become a psychologist yourself or a therapist. So as you can see you really have to be very committed to the practice. Since that is my long term goal, to become a therapist, I intend to stay there until I receive my degree. I know that for that I will have to work there for a very long time, but since I am the office manager of the practice there is no other place I would rather work.


I have been working there for a very short time, but I wanted to make that move. I had been working as an ophthalmic technician for over 5 years, and the reason I switched jobs was because of career opportunities. I have always been interested in psychology/therapy. I knew that even if I started as a receptionist I will pick up a lot of terminology, If I really looked I could find a lot of information that will become useful in the future. I was extremely lucky when I got hired for the practice as an office manager, It gave me the confidence and resources that I needed. Fortunately, both the psychologist and the therapist are willing to help me to make my goal a reality. They have offered their help and advice. I feel very lucky to have stumble into the job, but I have always thought that when you really want something you will do anything to obtain it. I actually stumble into this job opportunity by making about 0 phone calls. I had looked in the classifieds and saw that at that point no psychologist office was hiring for a job. I took the initiative and called them ALL, yes All, every psychologist, therapist, and psychoanalyst in El Paso. I knew what I wanted, I knew the direction I wanted to go in my career and I was persistent,


Career Opportunities4


in an non-stalker way. I also knew that the way most psychologist practices work is that they do


tend to keep a very short staff, sometimes having only one employee, because of confidentiality reasons. So it was not like I would start as a receptionist and work my self up, to what? Advancement is very limited like I mentioned. I do not see this as a downfall since I am very committed to this practice and I do hope to take them up on their offer.


I believe that it is essential to a companies success to provide career opportunities to all employees even the once just starting out, either in the mail room or as a janitor having a vision of climbing the ladder is a good motivator. The human resource department should ensure that all employees know that they have the change to have a career if they stay with that company. It should be their goal to get this across to them. It not only motivates the employer but also the employee. Knowing that you have an opportunity makes you work harder and be loyal. The employer takes advantage of this, since they know that employees will try their best and become more productive to the company if they have a future goal in mind.


In conclusion, I would like to say that even though my place of employment is very limited to career opportunities I feel really lucky to work there. I am obtaining a lot of experience and knowledge by working there and I hope to apply that to future career opportunities. My work and my life needs are very similar I constantly need to organize and prioritize to become and effective employee and housewife and mother. Everything I do at home, I do with my career in mind. Everything I do at work I do with not only my career in mind but also my family in mind. This helps me keep things simply and make them less hectic.


Career Opportunities5



References



Dessler, G. Human Resource Management(8th ed.). Florida International University


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Wednesday, February 13, 2019

Microsoft

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Since 10, a battle has raged in United States courts between the United States government and the Microsoft Corporation headed by Bill Gates. What is at stake is money. The federal government maintains that Microsofts monopolistic practices are harmful to United States citizens, creating higher prices and potentially downgrading software quality, and should therefore be stopped, while Microsoft and its supporters claim that they are not breaking any laws, and are just doing good business. The only thing Microsoft is guilty of is taking advantage of free enterprise.


Microsofts antitrust problems began for them in the early months of 10(Check 1), when the Federal Trade Commission began investigating them for possible violations of the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts, (Maldoom 1) which are designed to stop the formation of monopolies. The investigation continued on for the next three years without resolve, until Novell, maker of DR-DOS, a competitor of Microsofts MS-DOS, filed a complaint with the Competition Directorate of the European Commission in June of 1. (Maldoom 1) Doing this stalled the investigations even more, until finally in August of 1, (Check 1) the Federal Trade Commission decided to hand the case over to the Department of Justice. The Department of Justice moved quickly, with Anne K. Bingaman, head of the Antitrust Division of the DOJ, leading the way. (Check 1) The case was finally ended on July 15, 14, with Microsoft signing a consent settlement. (Check 1)


The settlement focused on Microsofts selling practices with computer manufacturers. Until now, Microsoft would sell MS-DOS and Microsofts other operating systems to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) at a 60% discount if that OEM agreed to pay a royalty to Microsoft for every single computer that they sold regardless if it had a Microsoft operating system installed on it or not. After the settlement, Microsoft would be forced to sell their operating systems according to the number of computers shipped with a Microsoft operating system installed, and not for computers that ran other operating systems. (Check )


Another practice that the Justice Department accused Microsoft of was that Microsoft would specify a minimum number of operating systems that the retailer had to buy, eliminating any chance for another operating system vendor to get their system installed until the retailer had installed all of the Microsoft operating systems that it had installed. (Maldoom )


In addition to specifying a minimum number of operating systems that a vendor had to buy, Microsoft also would sign contracts with the vendors for long periods of time such as two or three years. In order for a new operating system to gain popularity, it would have to do so quickly, in order to show potential buyers that it was worth something. With Microsoft signing long-term contracts, they eliminated the chance for a new operating system to gain the popularity needed, quickly. (Maldoom )


Probably the second most controversial issue was Microsofts practice of tying. Tying was a practice in which Microsoft would use their leverage in one market area, such as graphical user interfaces (GUIs), to gain leverage in another market, such as operating systems, where they may have competition. (Maldoom ) In that example, Microsoft would use their graphical user interface, Windows, to sell their operating system, DOS, by offering discounts to manufacturers that purchased both MS-DOS and Windows, and threatening to not sell Windows to companies who did not also purchase DOS.


In the end, Microsoft decided to suck it up and sign the settlement agreement. In signing the agreement, Microsoft did not actually have to admit to any of the alleged charges, but were able to escape any type of formal punishment such as fines and other criminal punishments.


The settlement that Microsoft agreed to prohibits it, for the next six and a half years from Charging for its operating system on the basis of computer shipped rather than on copies of MS-DOS shipped; Imposing minimum quantity commitments on manufacturers; Signing contracts for greater than one year; Tying the sale of MS_DOS to the sale of other Microsoft products;(Maldoom 1)


Although these penalties look to put an end to all of Microsofts monopolistic practices, some people think that they are not harsh enough and that Microsoft should have been split up to put a stop to any chance of them forming a true monopoly of the operating system (OS) and of the entire software market.


Jesse Berst, editorial director of Windows Watcher newsletter out of Redmond, Washington (hometown of Microsoft World Headquarters), and the executive director of the Windows Solutions Conference, says it best with this statement To use a railroad analogy, Microsoft builds the tracks on which the rest of the industry ships its products. With Microsoft creating the standards for the rest of the computer industry, they are able to create better standards and build them much faster than if an outside organization or committee were to create them. With these standards set, other companies are able to create their applications and other products that much faster, and better, and thus the customers receive that much better of a product. (Why Microsoft (Mostly) Shouldnt Be Stopped.4)


Take for instance the current effort to develop the Digital Video Disc (DVD) standard. DVDs are compact discs that are capable of storing 400 megabytes of information as apposed to the 650 megabytes that can be stored on a CD-ROM disc now. (Webster's Pocket Computer Reference, 66)


For this reason, DVDs have enormous possibilities in both the computer industry and in the movie industry. For about the last year, companies such as Sony, Mitsubishi, and other prominent electronics manufacturers have been trying to decide on a set of standards for the DVD format. Unfortunately, these standards meetings have gone nowhere, and subsequently, many of the companies have broken off in different directions, trying to develop their own standards. In the end, there wont be one, definite standard, but instead, many standards, all of which are very different from one another. Consumers will be forced to make a decision on which standard to choose, and if they pick the wrong one, they could be stuck down the road with a DVD player that is worthless. Had only one company set the standards, much like Microsoft has in the software business, there wouldnt be the confusion that arose, and the consumers could sit back and relax, knowing that the DVD format is secure and wont be changed. (DVD Standardizing)


Another conclusion that many anti-Microsoft people and other people around the world jump to is that the moment that we have a company, such as Microsoft, who is very successful, they immediately think that there must be something wrong; they have to be doing something illegal or immoral to have become this immense. This is not always the case.


Contrary to popular belief, Microsoft has not gained its enormous popularity through monopolistic and illegal measures, but instead through superior products. I feel that people do have brains, and therefore have the capacity to make rational decisions based on what they think is right. If people didnt like the Microsoft operating systems, there are about a hundred other choices for operating systems, all of which have the ability to replace Microsoft if the people wanted them. But they dont, the people for the most part want Microsoft operating systems. For this reason. Microsoft simply created products that the people liked, and the people bought them.


On the other side of the issue, are the people who believe that Microsoft is indeed operating in a monopolistic manner and therefore, the government should intervene and split Microsoft up. Those who are under the assumption that Microsoft should indeed be split up, believe that they should either be split into two separate companies one dealing with operating systems and the other dealing strictly with applications. The other group believes that the government should further split Microsoft up into three divisions one company to create operating systems, one company to create office applications, and one company to create applications for the home. All of these people agree that Microsoft should be split up, anyway possible. (Microsoft Division Poll)


The first thing that proponents of Microsoft being split up argue that although Microsoft has created all kinds of standards for the computer software industry, in todays world, we dont necessarily need standards. Competing technologies can coexist in todays society, without the need for standards set by an external body or by a lone company such as Microsoft. A good analogy for this position is given in the paper, A Case Against Microsoft Myth Number 4. In this article, the author states that people who think that we need such standards, give the example of the home video cassette industry of the late 170s. He says that these people point out that in the battle between the VHS and Beta video formats, VHS won not because it was a superior product, but because it was more successfully marketed. He then goes to point out that buying an operating system for a computer is nothing at all like purchasing a VCR, because the operating system of a computer defines that computers personality, whereas a VCRs only function is to play movies, and both VHS and Beta do the job equally.


Also, with the development of camcorders, there have been the introduction of many new formats for videotapes that are all being used at once. VHS-C, S-VHS and 8mm formats all are coexisting together in the camcorder market, showing that maybe in our society today, we are not in need of one standard. Maybe we can get along just as well with more than one standard. Along the same lines, there are quite a few other industries that can get along without one standard. Take for instance the automobile industry. If you accepted the idea that one standard was best for everyone involved, then you would never be tempted to purchase a BMW, Lexus, Infiniti, Saab or Porsche automobile, due to the fact that these cars all have less than one percent market share in the automobile industry and therefore will never be standards.


Probably the biggest proponent of government intervention into the Microsoft issue is Netscape Communications, based out of Mountain View, California. Netscape has filed lawsuits accusing Microsoft of tying again. (Netscapes Complaint against Microsoft. ) This time, Microsoft is bundling their World Wide Web browser, Internet Explorer .0 into their operating system, Windows 5. Netscape is the maker of Netscape Navigator, currently the most widely used Internet browser on the market, and now, facing some fierce competition from Microsofts Internet Explorer. Netscape says that in addition to bundling the browser, Microsoft was offering Windows at a discount to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), (Netscapes Complaint against Microsoft. ) to feature Internet Explorer on the desktop of the computers that they shipped, thus eliminating any competition for space on the desktop by rival companies such as Netscape.


If the OEM wants to give the consumer a fair and even choice of browsers by placing competitors browser icons in a comparable place on the desktop, Netscape has been informed that the OEM must pay $ more for Windows 5 than an OEM that takes the Windows bundle as is and agrees to make the competitors browsers far less accessible and useful to customers. (Netscapes Complaint against Microsoft. ) Another accusation that Netscape is making against Microsoft is that they are doing the same type of things with the large Internet service providers of the nation. They are offering the large internet providers of the nation, such as Netcom and AT&T, space on the Windows 5 desktop, in return for the internet providers consent that they will not offer Netscape Navigator, or any other competing internet software to their customers. (Netscapes Complaint against Microsoft. )


Netscape is becoming ever more concerned with Microsofts practices, because for now, they are going untouched by the government and it looks as if it will stay that way for quite some time now. They are very much worried, as they watch the numbers of users switching to Microsofts browser, and the number of users using Navigator slipping.


Besides all of the accusations of monopolistic actions Netscape lay down on them, Microsoft does seem to have one advantage when it comes to the browser wars. Their new browser, version .0, matches Netscapes feature for feature, with one added plus it is free and Microsoft says that it always free. So is their Internet server, Internet Information Server. Whereas Netscape charges $50 and $1500 for their browser and their web server, respectively. (Netscapes Complaint against Microsoft. )


With all the information that has been presented for both sides of the issue, you are probably left in a daze, not knowing what to think. Is Microsoft good? Or is Microsoft bad? Well, the answer is a little bit of both. One would agree prices are a little but of outrageous for most Microsoft products, but these high prices are caused more by the publics interest in the best than the company's tactics of selling them to computer manufacturers.


Bibliography





Works Cited


1.Check, Dan. The Case Against Microsoft". 1-5.


.Maldoom, Daniel. The Microsoft Antitrust Case., 1-5.


Maney, Kevin. Mega media Shakeout. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 15.


Monopolies in Cyberspace. The Economist. 1-.


Myth of Standards. Boycott Microsoft. World Wide Web. 1-.


Poole, Robert W., Jr. Unnatural Monopolies. Lexington, Massachusetts D.C. Heath and Company, 185.


Rosenoer, Jonathan. Cyberlaw Withholding Consent. Cyberlaw. 1-.


Schmidt, Eric. The Struggle for Bill Gatess Soul. US News and World Report. Nov. 5, 16 6-71.


"Sony Attempts to Standardize DVDs"Sony Corp


Stross, Randall. Heavens Gates. US News and World Report. Nov. 5, 16 58-68.


Webster's Pocket Computer Reference, 66


Why Microsoft (Mostly) Shouldnt Be Stopped. Antitrust.org. 1-1.


Please note that this sample paper on microsoft is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on microsoft, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on microsoft will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Monday, February 11, 2019

Comparative Book Review: Origins of The New South by C. Vann Woodward and Freedom's Lawmakers by Eric Foner

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Two books that give the reader a view of the reconstruction era in the south and its policies are Origins of the New South by C. Vann Woodward and Freedom's Lawmakers by Eric Foner. All though these two books differ in their writing content and their themes, they make strong points about the reconstruction era in the South and the mistreatment of African Americans living in new found freedom.


The authors of these two books, Woodward and Foner, differ in many ways also. Woodward writes with passion and persuasion in Origins of the New South and tries to convince the reader that the New South demonstrated that the economic and political leadership of the southern redeemers had been marked by corruption and that blacks and poor whites had been kept in poverty.Woodward argues "that after 100 the South was safely set on a national road to peace, progress and prosperity was incorrect, but it was still behind due to the lack of redeemers and old southern values that put blacks and poor whites in poverty.Woodward, whose ancestors had been slave owners, was born in Vanndale, Arkansas.Vanndale was named after his mother's family.He attended high school in Morrilton, and it was there he became interested in American History.After high school, Woodward enrolled in college at Arkadelphia.After two years he transferred to Emory College in Atlanta, Georgia.It was there at Emory where Woodward became interested in the southern polotics and the history of the southern way of life.Woodward also became very interested in the African American history of the south.Woodward made friends with a lot of African Americans while he was in Atlanta and 1 in particular was Angelo Hernandez a young black man who was accused of


subversive activities.This interviewer conludes that it was here that Woodward was influenced by the treatment of blacks in the south and the segregated life they lived.


Woodward wrote Origins of the New South in 151.The wrote this book with a particular time period in southern history.He writes "The New South begins with the removal of federal troops, which brings to an end the official reconstruction and their consequences." Woodward writes a lot about the populist movement and how it effected the relationship with the Colored Farmers Alliance and the Southern Alliance. Woodward concludes that the populist movement not only kept blacks from reaching a high economic place in society but it also made them more segregated from their rightful place in southern cities and in farming communities.Woodward believed that the populist movement was corrupt and was more geared toward the still remaining planter class and the middle class whites. He concluded this on the bases of the voting records from the southern states where most middle class and planter class were voters.Woodward writes "White supremacists depended a lot upon the capitulation of the Populist leaders themselves to concerted efforts to whip up racial hatred and backwardness, and they were not disappointed." He also notes in North Carolina in 18 where populist were in control of the state government, decided to cast their votes for black disenfranchisement. He writes "The reported yells were probably of the well known rebel kind, for they hailed a closing of the white man's rank --- white solidarity again". This reviewer believes that Woodward had the knowledge and the background to write books on Southern History.He was heavily influenced by his black friends and


he had the background by growing up in the south to write this book. This is a man who marched from Selma to Montgomery with Dr. King and a man who considered himself a southerner from Arkansas but not a "professional".


Eric Foner now a History Professor at Columbia University had a different background growing up.Foner grew up in New York City where his dad was a history professor at the City College of New York. His childhood wasn't rough, and he grew up in a upper middle class society.Foner became big in politics after his dad was fired from his job for being "a communist".In fact he supported the communist movement very avidly. Foner went to school at Columbia and earned in Doctorine of History there.Foner is known to be a very hard worker and researcher in the history field. He is one of the nations most acclaimed historians.He was president of the American Historical Association and the Organization of American Historians.He is best known from his knowledge on the Civil War, the reconstruction of the South, as well as politics before and after the Civil War. Foner who is younger that Woodward didn't see first hand the life of a white southerner in the early 100's.Foner makes up for it by his research dedication and his knowledge he has gained from reading and his peers.


Foner's book Freedom's Lawmakers is a biographical dictionary of African American politicians that were elected to office during the reconstruction era.The book has over 1500 black official who were either appointed or elected to office during reconstruction.Some of these officals he notes were written out of governmental books and state history books.It ranges from sheriffs, senators, legislators, state officals,


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constables.Foner notes that contrary to the myth that black government officials were not illiterate and were very capable of governing. The names are arranged not by state but by alphabetical order.The entries have birth date, if known, and death date if known.The enteries range from one paragraph up to four or five pages. The best well known and most extensive writing is on Blanche Kelso Bruce.Bruce was first black to be elected to the United States Senate. Bruce's seat was last held by former Confederate President Jefferson Davis.Bruce was elected from the state of Mississippi and was elected in 1874.


Foner had done a remarkable job in the work of this book.He shows in this book that African Americans in the reconstruction could hold office and govern just as good as white southerners.In this book you can also see a that black officials ran as Republicans. Foner notes that the democratic party was still a white party and still had views of the old south. Foner also notes that while these African American held office, it doesn't necessarly prove that they were treated any different from other blacks in that period of time.Out of the sheriffs in the book, most were killed, by unknown perons.Foner's book in this reviewer's opinion is a master piece and shows the struggle in great detail that the black population had to endure.


These two books give us a sense of how corrupt and manipulative the south was. Both Foner and Woodward have shown the stuggle of African Americans in the south throughout reconstruction and beyond.Although Woodward's book is hard to read and goes in great political detail it shows how the old ways of the south influenced the


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populist movement and segrated the black population more in the reconstruction era than before the war. This reviewer has a appreciation for Woodward's work and can relate with his views and where the he is coming from in writing this book.He has the background in growing up in the south in the early 100's and through the civil rights movement.


Foner's book is different in that it's a biographical dictionary and gives so much history on the black leaders during reconstruction. I found this book very interesting, and it was not difficult to read.He didn't write this from a political view but from a view of sharing historical information that has never been shared before.In this interviewers opinion that is why it makes for a better read.Foner has done something that no one else in history has, in that he has written a book that shows the foundation that African Americans first established themselves in American politics.


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Equus

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Through Equus, Shaffer explores the meaning and importance of existence in late twentieth century England. The play was set in the mid-seventies and the issues raised challenge and bewilder audiences to this today.





Peter Shaffer explores the possibility of the world being over come by convention and whether our own humanity gets replaced with normality when we fear this industrialised world.





He wanted to make us question everything and make the audience insecure by persuading them that they are the mad ones for not having a passion. The issues raised in the play are still extremely relevant to today's society and audience, probably more relevant than when it was set in the seventies.





I think the playwright is saying that you can't have normality and passion you can only have one or the other. Dysart symbolised a prosaic dull normality and Alan, an exciting personal passion. The playwright could be saying that everyone's missing something, some more than others. Alan has a passion but lacks dramatically in the social areas and aspects of life, especially with Jill being his first ever girl friend. Dysart receives the social intake throughout his job but does not have a passion of his own. Therefore can we define what normal is? We can, but only in the society we live in.





Although Dysart is far superior compared with Alan in the amount of authority he holds being a psychiatrist, Alan is always in control of their conversations. Dysart seems to let him carry the situations maybe he fed off his desires and approaches on different aspects of life. The roles are reversed within the status issues. It's debatable whether he was helped by Alan, he might have been inspired. He is scared of freeing himself from his normal conventional life, to go out into reality and to find his passion. Maybe he looks for primitive passion within his history rather than his love. I think the playwright is saying we are destroying what makes life exciting. The realisation of Dysart's lack of passion, is his major weakness, especially when he starts to doubt himself whilst trying to recognise if playing God is right.





Dysart can get rid of Alan's demons but he could destroy his passion in the process. Although Dysart envies Alan with his strong desires he can't say that spiking horses in their eyes is right. This is why he is in this emotional turmoil because there are no real or easy answers.





Shaffer represents Dysart as a very Freudian psychiatrist and, Equus a very Freudian play. Involving many of his theories linking to psycho analyse. Freud believed that when an individual is at the early stages of adolescent a decision needs to made on various sexual relationships etc.He also believed that society had a big in put into deciding an individual's vocational interest. But because Dysart isn't familiar with sexual relations, it's hard for him to judge and understand Alan's crave for the sexual interaction with the horses. But Dysart begins to understand that the two sexual relationships that Alan had were mixed up. As one of them was forced and the other one provoked. Also, Alan's vocational interest and sexual experiences were as one. So this would most definitely cause confusion. He also thought that at one point in time only a strong element of an individual's life can be stable, for example (sexual relations) and the other significant element in complete pandemonium, i.e. (religious beliefs). In Alan's case it was both of these that were predominantly unstable and both of these that caused him to commit his unconceivable crime.





The initial concept of the play The playwright heard from a friend, that someone had blinded six horses with a metal spike in some local stables and he wanted to gain an understanding of how it could have happened through his play, not an acceptance an understanding. The play strongly relies on a search for a personal meaning in life and the human need to worship.



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Thursday, February 7, 2019

Based on a study of both ancient and modern sources, analyse the role of the kings, gerousia, ephors and ecclesia in Spartan government

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Ancient Sparta had, in the years from the 8th century to mid 4th century, a constitution of what is considered today to be a remarkable fusion of monarchy, oligarchy and democracy.The kings, gerousia, ephors and ecclesia were all vital to the functioning of Spartan society.Sparta was primarily a military state and so required an authority figure to control and lead the army.She placed a great deal of importance on education and religion, and so attention had to be paid to these elements as well.The Spartans were expected to live according to very strict and stringent laws during their lifetime, and these had to be created and voted on by the people.In order to function as a cohesive city-state, Sparta required a variety of people who worked to benefit the state and in turn guarantee the continuance of the unique Spartan governmental system.


Each governmental institution had its own role in the running of Sparta.The kings were in control of the army, the gerousia in control of law, the ephorate presided over the people and the ecclesia elected the ephors and voted on laws.However, all these elements of Spartan society were interconnected.The ephorate and ecclesia allowed the monarchy to subsist, and to prevent the kings and gerousia from having supreme tyrannical power.The gerousia was the balance between the democracy of the ephorate and tyranny of the Kings, and the monarchy survived only because of the gerousia and the ephorate.Indeed, the primary role of the system as a whole was to prevent both democracy and tyranny, to keep Spartans content with their situation, and allow Sparta to remain the object of wonder of the Greek world.


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Wednesday, February 6, 2019

The Story

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The Yoosie Yander Baby Shoppe in Los Angeles, California had never sold so much merchandise in the time span Lawrence Exeter was in the store that sunny day in late August, than they had sold in the last six months.Having one of the wealthiest man in all of California walk up and down the aisles of toys, intimidated the employees as they watched silently as he casually plucked random items off the shelves and added them into the three shopping carts his assistants were wheeling around behind him.It was obvious that in due time, there would be an heir to take on the family's fortune.


Lawrence Exeter extremely excited for the birth of this first child.His wife started experiencing contractions and was admitted to the Hollywood Hospital.The next morning, on the third of September, Lawrence Exeter Jr. was born. It was I, Dr. David M. McCoy, who delivered the baby boy to the new family.


Lawrence Exeter Sr. and I were old college friends, and spent a lot of times together on the golf course and consulting each other with our everyday dilemmas.Exeter, as I called him after Junior was born, loved his son so much, too much at times.A couple of months after Junior was born, Exeter splurged at a toy store, and buying practically every popular item they had.Even after Junior was old enough for school and was enrolled at the prestigious Palisodes School for Boys, Exeter miss his son so much, he bought him this top of the line bicycle that was just invented and was all the rage in London.


Junior's mother, Kitty, got into a bad habit of Jack Daniels and Seven & Sevens, while her son was away at school and could careless for her husband and her growing son.


Exeter told me this one time while we're were down at the country club, that Junior had got involved in a bad crowd and got expelled for and incident at school where his arithmetic teacher lost her eye.Poor woman wears a patch over it and took early retirement from teaching.Exeter didnt know what to do with his son, so I told him about a Military School that was located just out of Los Angeles called Columbia Military Academy.It was a well-known school known for whipping young boys into shape and teaching them about respect and family honor.When Junior graduated and came home, both me and Exeter thought it had worked, but, when he drove the brand new Cadillac he got for his eighteenth birthday into a lamppost down by Sunset boulevard, I knew he was in for trouble.That night, when the police brought him home, I was over for supper, and I can still see Kitty get up from the parlor, and stagger over with a half empty bottle of Chardonnay, and simply said one word, "university".Expecting some kind of lecture on responsibility, Junior simply agreed, and Exeter was losing his son, yet again.


Exeter loved his son so much, he had missed out on seeing his son really grow up, and now her was off again.But when Junior finally came home from Stanford, that was the official start of Junior's chain of mayhem.


Daisy Windsor, was her name.She was some low class girl from Riverside, and was definitely the gold digger type.She had this eerie smile she always flashed whenever anyone gave her a suspicious look.Exeter was so happy to see his son with someone.But before the end of that very summer, Daisys true colors started to seep through.She was definitely after money, and did so by threatening to claim Junior had raped her, unless she got exactly what she wanted.Exeter ended up writing a total of three cheques to her, one of them being a one-way ticket to France.She wanted a final fifty grand and promised that she would forever leave the Exeter family alone.


A couple of years after the Daisy incident, Junior was in love again.I was down at the barber shop and witnessed Junior leave the University Club Florists with a bouquet of exotic flowers, on two occasions.There were rumors going around that, Junior was trying to woo the daughter of some new money family from Arkansas, who was playing hard to get with him.At one of his check ups, Junior had asked me if Id known of any high rise estates in the area, and I steered him towards the Rivera.He ended up buying the place, and got some European import to do the decor, because Ms. Arkansas wasnt going to accept his proposal until he was nicely settled down. One of the rare times I spoke to Kitty, she told me that the two had eloped and that Exeter had paid for everything, including the cruise to Hawaii and hotel there.But when they returned, they made rare appearances together, and made it clear that they were having difficulties as newly weds.The gossipers knew that when they did make appearances, their perfect couple act was a lie and that Junior was suspected of having an affair.He was spotted at a Parisian Gown Shoppe on several occasions, meeting with their sales clerk, Monique.But when his wife became overly suspicious, he quickly ended the relationship and as an attempt to make amends with his wife, bought her all these gifts, like gowns and even lingerie.But Junior and his wife never really made up.


Junior fell madly in love, yet again, with this woman named Floosie Wentworth he met down at the Bootery.They were star-crossed lovers, Floosie being the girlfriend of none other than Tony Spagoni, prince of the local Italian mob.When word was out that she left Tony for Junior, his jealousy started a whirlwind of blackmail, threats, and pain.Poor Junior was beaten and battered, and that would only be the beginning.


Floosie was pregnant with Junior's child, and he had to make a big decision.He decided to file for a divorce, but he wanted it to be short and clean.After Floosie gave birth to a baby girl, Junior proposed to her, hoping that now that he was a father, this would be his second chance at being a better person.But until the divorce was done and over with, all he could do was help Floosie with the baby bills.


When Marie, Junior's wife finally was aware of the real reason why Junior was divorcing her, she wanted nothing but to take him for all that she could.Aware of his situation, Junior hired some big shot lawyers, Wall & Smith were their names, and they lost him his case and a whole lot of money.The media had a freeze with Junior's scandalous divorce, and it would only be days until Tony Spagoni would enter Junior's life, with an even greater revenge.


It was said that Spagoni never knew about Floosie's pregnancy, and was going to get Junior once and for all.He threatens Junior again for easy cash and that was the end of that.What we really never could figure out was why, but we soon found out.


I was at the hospital when I over heard a Peter Ventizzi ask my secretary about Junior.Had I known who he was, I would have never told him he was with Floosie and sent Junior to his deathbed.The next I know, there's poor Junior being wheeled into the hospital with multiple gun shot wounds to the chest.


I still blame myself for Junior's death.He died and I had killed him.At the funeral, Spagoni and his minions showed up, showed up to simply thank me.


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