Arab Society

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Evil, sinful, lover of Satan and weak are just a few adjectives to describe women through history. Nevertheless, women were not always portrayed as so. Women once held a strong and dominated figure within the society. In the ancient Egyptian society, women were equal to men in status and prestige. Within the XVIIIth Dynasty, women such as Nephertiti and Hatchipsoot reign the country. "In that period, Pharaonic women laboured in textile and carpet manufactory, traded in markets and shared in hunting side by side with her husband (El Saadawi. 180, P. 108-1)." Furthermore, women played sports, drank, held positions of government, worked, etc. However, as time past and countries began to flourish, there was a shift in the socio-economic status in women. Women began reducing in standing. What happened? Nawal El Saadawi, author of The Hidden Face of Eve, strongly believes that circumcision is the cause of women's oppression and feeling of powerlessness. However, many within the society believe that conditioned oppression is supported due to religion, landowership and the patriarchal system and they are utilized as in instrument of fear, oppression and exploitation. Circumcision is still practiced in many Arab countries because a woman's virginity and hymen is extremely important. "Behind circumcision lies the belief that, by removing parts of girls' external genital organs, sexual desire is minimized (El Saadawi. 180, p. )." This procedure is not performed by a doctor but someone similar to a midwife. It is believe that deep incisions must be done in order to remove all the remains of the genital. Consequently, this may result in infection and even death. Furthermore, "sexual frigidity is one of the after-effects which is accentuated by other social and psychological factors that influence the personality and mental make-up of females in Arab societies (El Saadawi. 180, p. )." Due to Circumcision, girls are subjected to a series of pain humiliation because of the notion of how virginity is valued. Many girls believed that the genital was a root of all evil. El Saadawi had many patients, bleeding from infection but happy to get rid of the source of their desire. For example "I did not know anything about the operation at the time, except that it was very simple, and that it was done to all girls for purposes of cleanliness and purity and the preservation of a good reputation. It was said that a girl who did not undergo this operation was liable to be talked about by people, her behavior would become bad, and she would starting running after men, with the result that no one would agree to marry her when the time for marriage came. My grandmother told me that the operation had only consisted in the removal of a very small piece of flesh from between my thighs, and that the continued existence of this small piece of flesh in its place would have made me unclean and impure, and would have caused the man whom I would marry to be repelled by me." "Did you believe what was said to you?" "Of course I did. I was happy the day I recovered from the effects of the operation and felt as though I was rid of something which had to be removed and so had become clean and pure (El Saadawi. 180, p. 5)." El Saadawi knew from experience what many of these girls are going through because she went through the same experience. She could never forget the painful experience that made her lose her "childhood once and for all, and that deprived me during my youth and for many years of married life from enjoying the fullness of me sexuality and the completeness of life that can only come from all round psychological equilibrium (El Saadawi. 180, p. )." Nawal El Saadawi believes that religion is used as an instrument in order to justify why the girls in the Arab societies are forced to go through circumcision. Once religion was formulated as a monotheistic one, the three main religions of the world developed Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The world begins with 'Adam and Eve' and this story is shared within all three religions. The story of Adam and Eve is the first sign that women are portrayed as less than a man. The Bible takes away a factor that was associated with women, birth. However, "Eve was born of Adam's rib (El Saadawi. 180, P. 10)." In the Judaism religion, arose the notion that "women was sinful and that sex was sin (El Saadawi. 180, p. 5). According to El Saadawi (180) this story "shows clearly the injustice suffered by women, and the attempt to mask her situation by religious sanctification aimed at smothering all doubt, all discussion and all resistance (p. 10)." In other words, within this male dominated society, women are being circumcised not because it is being enforced by men, but the Bible dictates it to be so. That is what they like everyone to believe, however, who wrote the Bible? Men! As El Saadawi points out (180), God exalts man in His Bible as one of high intelligence and on if thought, where as a woman is just a body without a head (p. 10). Fir example, in Christianity "God had created man in his own image, and God was spirit. Woman on the hand was the body, and the body was sex (El Saadawi. 180, p. 5)" In other words, men is the depiction of God, where as women are just a deviation of men. Women are born without an essential factor, a head and therefore, she is not complete because a head is the center of thought, which distinguishes humans from animal. It is based on this fact that it is believed that women should be circumcised. Since a woman is of the flesh, she must be rid of anything that will give her sexual pleasure. With the Sudan culture, girls are forced to undergo an amputation of her whole external organs. This includes cutting off her "clitoris, the two outer lips and the two minor inner lips. The wound is repaired. The outer opening of the vagina is the only portion left intact, not however without ensured that, during the process of repairing, some narrowing of the opening is carried out with a few extra stitches (El Saadawi. 180, p. )." El Saadawi believes (180) that religion is used as a shackle upon the mind of patriarchal society in order to oppress, dictate, dominate and domesticate women (p. 8). Religion has led people to believe that women are the roots of all evil. They are filled with lustful behaviors and they are filled with evil and Satan. In a way, women are seen as disciples of Satan. It is a ma's job to control them. The male dominated society reinforces the idea that women must be pure, chaste and virginal in order to be worthy of a man. These puritanical values are utilized "to build on oppression and are still part of the arsenal of heavy weapons which maintains a continuous barrage in the war against revolutionary struggles of women, colored races and the exploited classes living under the semi-feudal or imperialism and neo-colonialism (El Saadawi. 180, p. 8)." The monotheistic religion, in enunciating the principles relating to the role and position of women in life, as we have seen, drew inspiration and guidance from the value of the patriarchal and class societies prevalent at the time. Nawal El Saadawi focuses on the patriarchal system as a major condition for the oppression of women. The shift between man and woman began when men realized the importance of landowership. Man recognized the association between land and having wealth and power. Landownership places them in a higher social, economic and political arena. In acquiring land, man must have someone to cultivate it since it demeans their status within the society to do. The oppression of a slave and women became apparent. "Wives were a source of wealth since they shouldered many heavy tasks in birth field and home without expecting any payment in return apart from their keep. Their lot was that of unpaid labourers no better off than slaves (El Saadawi. 180, p. 111)." As much as we want to fault religion for such dehumanizing acts, this is not the case. Yes, religion does devalue women, but it does not state that women should not have any pleasure nor should she be circumcised. These are organs and flash that God has created in women. In a sense, "religion is most often used as an instrument in the hands of economic and political forces, as an institution utilized by those who rule to keep down those who are ruled (El Saadawi. 180, p. 4)." Women were seen no better than cattle as they brought and sold as such. Fathers sold their daughters to the highest bidder. In a way, women don't really care who they are sold off too, sexually they feel nothing. Once these females were sold into marriage, the husband had full control over them. How were women to object to such oppression within a male dominated society? It is quite evident that they could not fight back. The idea that they are the weak, useless, sinful and most incomplete gender has been a constant reminder to them that they live in a dictatorship of men. From the time that they are young girls, the fact that sex is sinful is drummed into them. "The child therefore is trained to suppress her own desires to empty herself of authentic, original wants and wishes linked to her own self, and to fill the vacuum that results with the desires of others (El Saadawi. 180, p. 1)." Furthermore, before she reaches the stage of becoming a woman, she is succumbed with the fact that she will go through the process of circumcision. "A girl who has lost her personality, her capacity to think independently, and to use her own mind, will do what others have told her and will become a toy in their hands and a victim of their decisions. Religion, therefore, is interwoven with the patriarchal system and landownership. It provided laws and regulation solely upon women that was reinforced by man. Women were obligated to be chaste, virginal, obedient and faithful to their husband. "The development of private property which reinforces the ' passions of acquisitiveness and ownership' and the development of the patriarchal society, the husband began to demand complete fidelity of his wife (El Saadawi. 180, p. 117)." This is a long age double standard throughout history. Males coerce these rules upon women, yet they do not have to abide by the same rules. They are set free of these puritan standards because they are the authoritative figure within society and they are "enslave the sexual code of chastity and sexual rectitude for the females (El Saadawi. 180, p. 111)." Those women who are believed to be guilty of breaking these codes could be subjected to numerous consequences, such as death and torture. The immediate consequence of circumcision causes the oppression of women that get a sense of powerlessness. They have no power to governor their own lives. They must live under the direct rule the male dominated society. They have no sense of who they are and what they can accomplish because they are brainwashed by the religious and patriarchal figures. They see themselves as the weaker sex filled with great evil, and evil that will always be imbedded within her. She is also seen as incomplete and lacking without her male counterpart. This leaves a long and grave affected on the morale, mental, physical, emotional as well as the spiritually factors of a woman. She is forever seen as an object, a thing no better than an animal. In turn, these ideas are handed down throughout generations, to every female born. It is a never-ending cycle that dehumanizes women into believing that God made them sinful and incomplete. Furthermore, it is made to believe that with the divinity of God, for males who are made in His image, to have total control over them, for their well being. In many ways, women (mothers and wives) are exploited. They are to carry numerous vital functions, such as to clean, wash, cook, give birth (preferable to male children), nurse, teach and satisfy their husbands' sexually appetites for which she is not paid. "She is therefore the lowest paid labourer in existence and therefore man pays her the lowest wage known for any category of human being of burden (El Saadawi. 180, p. 14)." The long-term effect of this oppression is a sense of powerlessness. Women go on to believe that there is no difference between themselves and cattle. They have neither say in the political, social, economic nor the religious spectrum of society. Women are not given the choice to feel anything sexually. Many of them are fighting for emancipation, which is a right that women established in the United States in the early 100s. Furthermore, women are trying to break away from tradition; however, they are finding it extremely difficult. How can they succeed, when their society strongly dominated by religion, tradition, and customs and managed by a male dictatorial environment? Men still have the belief that such as break from tradition would only lead to women losing their chastity and honor. According to El Saadawi (180), as a result of this confined view of women, women only construed % of the labor force in 176 (p. 185). Overall, "the oppression of women in any society is in its turn an expression of an economic structure built on landownership, systems of inheritance and parenthood, and the patriarchal family as an in built social unit (El Saadawi. 180, p. 4)." Times are changing and we are in a new millennium. Many would assume that equality within the sexes and races would exist already. However, that is not the case. There is such a great amount of tradition and customs that is quite difficult to break away from. We need more people I m the world that are willing to take a stand for what they believe in such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, Ghandi, Mother Teresa, etc.

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A problem for most teenagers that live in Delaware, Ohio.

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There is only one problem that I can think about, because I'm always thinking of something to do in my little town of Delaware, Ohio. There is not a lot to do in my town for teens that are at the age's of 14-0. There is a lot to do, but most of the things that can be done in this little town is not for every one.

There is two movie theatres, a zoo, there are 17 parks, 11 schools and a fairground. There is a lot of recreation that could be done, but some of them are just not fun for teen's and almost all of them cost from $10 too less then $100. Some of the thing's that I have talked about are very boring to us teen's. We want to go out and hang with our friend's, and do teen thing's, but there is no place in Delaware to do so.

There are some activities that you could take like aerobics and strength & tone, social dance sampler, square dance club, the annual Delaware triathlon, bowling and adult summer/fall softball leagues. There are some classes that you can take like dog training classes, golf, tennis, juggling and swimming lessons too. If you want to be a lifeguard there are classes for lifeguard training. Then you could go for lifeguard training institutor or water safety instructor classes.

There are some things that are free or cost very little like going to the one of the two beaches in Delaware or go out with your friends at one of the six strip malls that we have, but by doing that you are going to run out of things to do again, because we would not want to do the same thing more then three times in one week.

We have came up with 5 ideas that can make Delaware more fun for teenagers. There is our ideas an arcade, a place that we can play paintball, skating, skate boring and bicycle riding park, inside skating ring, a place for teenagers to go and listen to new and upcoming bands and a place that teenagers can go to dance. There are some plus and minus with these ideas. These ideas could make teenagers more happier and keep out of trouble.

By having an arcade, teens are more likely to go out and have some fun. We could make some new friends that like to do the same things that you do. By having an arcade we can play some games that we have not play before or have some friendly competition. On the negative side is that teens would waste there money and also it would be a place that people could sell drugs. There would be some

fighting there too.

As for the sport of paintball. There are some very good pluses in paintball they are strategy, team work, planning and competitions. On the other side there is a safety issue. If you do not wear the right safety equipment you would get hurt very badly. If you get hit just right you could seriously injured.

For a skating, skate boarding and bicycle riding park teens can get out and do some exercise. By having this type of park teens are more likely to have some fun with there friends when we are doing some exercising with out knowing it, because we would be having fun. The bad side would be the same as the arcade. It is where teen can get together and get in some trouble.

As for place for teenagers to go and listen to new and upcoming bands. There would be some teens that would like to listen to some pop, rap, hip hop and so on. This place could have some food and pop. On the other hand it can just as bad as arcade, skating, skate boring and bicycle riding park's, because there is always that those type of problems out there as well.

A place that teenager can going dance could be very fun, because we all like to go to are dances at school. It could be very fun because teenagers could get together and meet new people. On the bad side some dances last for a long time. There could be some fights there as well.

In most part wherever you go there is a small chance that something could happen. It could be good or it could be bad. We all make those choices. It is just natural. So we take the good with the bad and do our best Please note that this sample paper on A problem for most teenagers that live in Delaware, Ohio. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A problem for most teenagers that live in Delaware, Ohio., we are here to assist you.Your college papers on A problem for most teenagers that live in Delaware, Ohio. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Effect of Catalyse Enzyme on hydrogen Peroxide

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Investigation Catalyse enzyme on hydrogen peroxide.

PLANNING.

I have chosen the experiment task; this is to investigate the effect of the potato disk catalyse enzyme on hydrogen peroxide.

Catalyses break down Hydrogen Peroxide into oxygen and water. Catalyse in one of the many enzymes that work bests between 0 and 40 degrees.

Variables to change and those to keep the same.

Change

•Temperature

•Concentration of Catalyse (enzyme)

•Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide

•pH.

•Size of potato discs / Surface area

I've decided to experiment with various temperatures.

The variables in the experiment that will change because of what I do are listed below

•Volume of gas given off / evolved

•Time

The experiment is to measure the amount of oxygen given off over 10 minutes. This will be measured every 0 seconds.

Keep the same

To ensure this is a fair test I will control the following variables and keep them all the same.

•Concentration always using 0ml of Hydrogen Peroxide.

•Mass / Size / Surface area using a special cutter and same part of potato

•Freshness of the potato.

•Time same person timing and same length of timing.

I must keep the above variables the same. Otherwise there would be far too many changing measurements to monitor and the accuracy would not be as close to that of the fair test.

Hypothesis

I predict that enzyme in the potato disks will break down the hydrogen peroxide fastest at the temperatures of approximately 7ºC (average body temperature)

I predict that the catalyse enzyme found in the potato will break down the substrate (Hydrogen Peroxide) the fastest at between 7 to 40 degrees Celsius because enzymes work best at certain temperatures, usually body temperature. If the temperature is above 40 degrees the enzyme will slowly become denatured so molecules of Hydrogen Peroxide won't be able to fit into it and so they can't form an enzyme substrate complex and can't be broken down, so no oxygen or water is created. If it is below 7 degrees the amount of activity is reduced.

Apparatus

Before I can begin my investigation I need to get all the apparatus I will need

¨ Water baths of various temperatures

¨ Delivery tube

¨ Inverted measuring cylinder

¨ Boiling tube

¨ Stopwatch

¨ Potato cutter

¨ Stand, clamp and boss head

¨ Hydrogen peroxide

¨ pH7 buffer

¨ Potato

¨ Water trough

¨ Iced water (at 0º C)

¨ Test tube rack

Plan

I will experiment with temperatures of 0º C first.

The water trough will be filled with iced water measuring a temperature of 0ºC.

An inverted measuring cylinder will be placed at one end of the water trough.

The delivery tube will then be connected to the bung, and the other end will go through the iced water into the inverted measuring cylinder.

The potato will be added to a boiling tube containing a solution of 50% hydrogen peroxide and 50% pH7 buffer solution.

As soon as the potato disks are added, the bung will be fixed on the boiling tube and the stop watch will be started.

The inverted measuring cylinder will collect any evolved oxygen and one can read off the measurements in the cylinder after the allocated time.

This experiment will be repeated three times for each temperature.

For all water bath temperatures, the boiling tube will be heated inside the baths measuring 40, 50 and 70º C.

For room temperature, the apparatus will be not set up in a water bath or trough.

Diagram

Method for preliminary experiment

The experiments were repeated once more for each temperature following the procedure above.

The results were recorded every 5 minutes.

Using the potato corer, some tubes of potato were cut, which were then cut into 5mm thick potato disks.

The measuring cylinder was filled to the top and was then carefully turned over and put into the trough of water. The clamp was then used to hold it in place.

The delivery tube was slid under the measuring cylinder.

The solution of 50% hydrogen peroxide and 50% pH7 buffer was added to the test tube.

The potato was added, the stop watch was started and the bung was replaced simultaneously.

Every minute for 5 minutes, the amount of oxygen evolved was measured.

This test was repeated once more for both temperatures.

After testing temperatures, the following results were recorded for the preliminary experiment.

Preliminary Experiment

In order to test fairly and using appropriate variables, etc, I needed to carry out a preliminary test to see which were suitable measurements and times, etc, to take.

Here are my results for Ice water 0ºC

Time (minutes)Oxygen evolved from test 1Oxygen evolved from test

10.40.

0.60.

1.41.

41.61.

51..1

Here are my results for 50º C

Time (minutes)Oxygen evolved from test 1Oxygen evolved from test

10.40.6

1.61.8

.0.

4.8.

5.84.

From these experiments I decided that I needed to use more potato for a faster reaction and I decided that I should investigate more temperatures room temperature (º C), 40º C, and 70º C as well as the already chosen 0º C and 50º C, so that I will have a good range or results.

I also decided to carry on my experiments, instead of using five minutes I chose ten minutes. And to repeat experiments so I have sets of results per temperature to obtain a better average.

Obtaining evidence

I obtained my results by carefully following my plan and method. The results I obtained were as follows

Temperature (ºC)Oxygen evolved from test 1Oxygen evolved from test Oxygen evolved from test Oxygen evolved AVERAGE

0ºC (ice water)4.4.4.44.

ºC (room temperature)5.05.5.15.1

40ºC water bath8.08.8.18.1

50ºC water bath.08.8.8.

70ºC water bath0.00.10.00.0

Analysis

I have drawn a graph which shows the average amount of oxygen evolved over ten minutes per temperature.

The graph shows that as the temperature is increased the reaction is faster and more oxygen is evolved, until 70C when the amount decreases. This is shown by the graph finishing in more of a straight line and this is because the enzyme becomes denatured and no more oxygen was produced because an enzyme "substrate complex" (as it is known scientifically) could not be formed. There seemed to be no anomalous results in this experiment.

The graph shows that the optimum temperature for catalyse is 50ºC. This is because at 70ºC the enzyme became denatured and could not form an enzyme 'substrate complex', therefore it produced no oxygen. At 0ºC and ºC there was less oxygen evolved because at lower temperatures the Hydrogen Peroxide molecules had less heat, and therefore less kinetic energy and so there were fewer collisions and fewer enzyme-substrate complexes were formed, so less oxygen was evolved.

Evaluation

My results are really reliable and accurate but they do not prove my prediction, which was that the catalyse would break down the hydrogen peroxide down best at a certain temperature of 7º C, when really it was at 50º C.

If I was to repeat this investigation, next time I would alter the following areas.

¨ more repeats of the experiment

¨ Checking bung regularly

¨ using a more reliable water bath

Overall, I think my investigation was successful.

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"Branding" Steel : Marketing Strategy Of SAIL

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RAJ KUMAR HANSDAH

Exe-PGP

Branding Steel Marketing Strategy Of SAIL

Why "Branding" ?

 Steel is still considered a commodity.

 There is no differentiation between similar products from various manufacturers.

 Liberal import duties have resulted in an inflow of steel in market from various international manufacturers, making product differentiation all the more difficult and irrelevant.

 Price has become the only guiding factor for the consumers.

 De-licensing of manufacture of steel has led to setting up steel plants by other companies with various products, making it difficult for a company like SAIL make its products stand out from the crowd.

 There are common products from different manufacturer for similar applications.

Branding…leads to

 Identification of product (Brand identity)

 Later, it results in building Brand Equity

 All the benefits of building a brand

SAIL Products

 Flat products

These are products which are flat or in the form of sheets. Following are the flat products of SAIL.

Plates wide, heavy

Sheets HR, CR, Galvanised (GP/GC)

Coils - HR, CR, TMBP, Galvanised (GP/GC)

Electrolytic Tin plates, CRNO Electrical sheets

 Long products

These are products which are long and the form of structurals. Following are the long products of SAIL.

Wire rods, Channels, Rounds, TMT bars, Beams, Angles

Other products of SAIL are the following

 Rails

 Wheels, Axles

 Tubular products ERW pipes, SW pipes

 Semis Blooms, billets, slabs

SAIL brands

 SALEM Steel stainless steel products

 SAIL-MA micro-alloy steel

 SAIL-CON construction steel

 SAIL-TOR construction steel

 SAIL SUPER VALUE STEEL An umbrella brand for steel product

Creating the brand

The following activities were planned and undertaken by SAIL as a part of its marketing strategy in creating brands for its products

 Customer survey

 Market research

 Research analysis

 Strategy formulation

 Brand launch

 Integrated communication mix

Marketing

 Through its Central Marketing Organization (CMO)

 Nation-wide network of marketing offices, dealers and sub-dealers

 Advertising blitz aimed to capture share of mind "There is a little bit of SAIL in everybody's life"

Please note that this sample paper on "Branding" Steel : Marketing Strategy Of SAIL is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "Branding" Steel : Marketing Strategy Of SAIL, we are here to assist you.Your college papers on "Branding" Steel : Marketing Strategy Of SAIL will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STRATEGIES

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INTRODUCTION

This essay will firstly analyse three principal benefits, namely, earn a greater return on core competencies, realise location economies and realise experience curve effects, and give example to show how they are available to a firm moving from a domestic to an international strategy.

Then the second part will respectively discuss the principal influences on the choice between a multidomestic, global and transnational strategy that international firms take. This discussion will identify why a firm will take a certain strategy out of these three and what the advantages and disadvantages are. Then shortly give a conclusion about these three strategies.

THREE PRINCIPAL BENEFITS

Earn a great return on core competencies

The first benefit is that a firm moving from a domestic to an international strategy can earn a greater return on core competencies. This means the firm can get many advantages on resources and capabilities over its rival.

One example is Starbucks' foreign investment. In 15, because of the saturation of the United States' market, Starbucks, an international coffee house chain, started to expand its business overseas. Firstly, Starbucks went to Japanese market by establishing a joint venture with a local retailer. By 001, Starbucks had more than 150 stores and plans to continue its success at a brisk pace. By managing joint venture, which became one of Starbucks' core competencies that allow Starbucks to exercise great control and earn the benefits of a local operating partner, Starbucks was able to embark on aggressive expansions and successfully open foreign markets (by 001, Starbucks had more than 600 stores out of America). (Charles W. L. Hill, 00, p0)

The Starbucks' management of joint venture is not easily matched or imitated by its competitors. By expending its business internationally, Starbucks was able to access larger markets and get greater and faster return.

Realise location economies

Secondly, by moving to an international strategy, a firm can also realize location economies, which can lead the firm to be success in different countries with different cultures. Because countries have different economic, political and cultural systems, sometimes, which affect the benefits, costs and risks of doing business, a firm cannot run business successfully without adapting to location economies. Therefore, the firm has to understand how to do business in different location environments.

The experience of KFC, an international fast food chain, may prove this point. After initial entry into Japanese market, KFC rapidly realized that it was necessary to adapt to Japanese market by taking three specific strategies. First, the shape and size of product were unpopular toward Japanese, since Japanese prefer morsel-sized food. Second, the locations of KFC shops had to be moved into crowded city eating areas and away from independent sites. Third, contracts for supply of appropriate quality chickens had to be negotiated locally, although KFC provided all technical advice and standards. After taking these adaptations to the product and the site, KFC have been successful in Japan. (Susan Segal-Horn & David Faulkner, 1, p6)

Realize experience curve effects

The third available benefit to an international firm is experience curve economies, which means the firm can systematically reduce production costs over the life of a product.

As the tariffs are not high in some countries that international firms do business within, these firms can concentrate their manufacture section in several favorite places. The realize experience curve benefit that available to an international firm comes from two factors. One is ¡°learn by doing¡±, which means when a firm initiate producing a new product and the complex processes are repeated, the employees' skills have increased, thus productivity has increased. Another one is ¡° economies of scale¡±, the large scale of output which means more products are made. Because the fixed cost has not changed, firms with large economies of scale can significantly reduce the product price.

An international firm can get the greatest effect on experience curve economies as a first mover when industries need high fixed cost. By learn experience curve economies, the first mover can sell product on low price, which is unavailable to second mover and late mover.

Then we can see the greatest effect of experience curve economies by learning the example of how Matsushita reduced the price of VCR.

By 184, Matsushita's VCR production increased -fold than that of 177, from 05,000 units to 6.8m units. By producing from one location they were able to drop prices by 50% within five years. Matsushita was the world's major VCR producer in 18 with a 45% share of the world market, compared with the next biggest producer Hitachi with 11.1% of world production in 18¡± (Peter Enderwick, 00)

THE PRINCIPAL INFLUENCE BETWEEN A MULTIDOMESTIC, GLOBAL AND TRASNATIONAL STRATEGY

These differences influences on the choice among a multidomestic, global and transnational strategy may weaken or strengthen a company's competitive power.

The reason why international firms choose a certain strategy out of these three strategies, namely, multidomestic, global and transnational strategies is based on the pressure of local responsiveness and price reduction that these firms have.

Influence of a Multidomestic strategy

While there are many different customer preferences among different countries, and the customisation is more important than price, then international firms are likely to take the multidomestic strategy, which means these firms need more local responsiveness but less price pressure.

When international firms have taken the multidomestic strategy, these firms treat each country market as independent and best served by a whole set of value-creation subsidiaries, including production, marketing and R&D, dedicated to meet its local needs and conditions. By taking such strategy, an international firm can greatly focus on local responsiveness. The success of Nestl¨¦'s multidomestic strategies will prove this point.

Nestle, the Swiss-based international food and beverages company, has over 00 operating subsidiaries. It has a philosophy of decentralization and dispersion of activities. Its organization structure systems and culture emphasize the importance of local responsiveness, and the considerable autonomy of local managers. (Susan Segal-Horn & David Faulkner, 1, p18)

Because of the less price pressure, multidomestic firms are normally unable to realize the value of experience curve effects and location economies. Therefore, ¡°many multidomestic firms have a high cost structure.¡± (Charles W. L. Hill, 00,p4)

Another weakness associated with multidomestic strategy is the tendency for many multidomestic firms to develop into decentralized federations in which each national subsidiaries function quite autonomously.

This was exemplified by the failure of Philips NV to establish its V000 VCR format as the standard in the industry during the late 170s. Its U.S. subsidiary refused to adopt the V000 format; instead, it bought VHS-format VCRs produced by Matsushita and put its own label on them!¡± (Charles W. L. Hill, 00,4)

Influence of Global strategy

When international firms face the strong price competition and the markets are less customization or consumers will choose standardized products when the price is lower enough, these firms tend to take the global strategies.

In contrast to the multidomestic firms, as more price and less local responsiveness pressures that global firms take, they will put different subsidiaries in different countries and manage them from center, which means them can put research branches in some countries with plenty of high educated people and produce their product in low labor cost countries. Thus, firms that pursue a global strategy get increasing profitability by reaping the cost reductions that come from experience curve effects and location economies.

Therefore, Global firms tend not to customize their product offering and marketing strategy to local conditions because customization raises costs. Instead, global firms prefer to market a standardized product worldwide so they can rep the maximum benefits from the economies of scale that underlie the experience curve. This strategy makes most sense where there are strong pressures for cost reductions and where demands for local responsiveness are minimal. (Charles W. L. Hill, 00,4)

The great success of Gillette is a good example about firms operating global strategies.

Gillette refuses to pay tribute to cultural differences.Gillette's one-size-fits-all strategy has been effective. Its net income has grown 16 per cent a year in the past five years, and its share price has risen by an average of per cent a year since 187. The group makes items almost everyone in the world buys at one time or another, including shavers, batteries and pens. The scale of economies and flexibility are the main advantages of reverse parochialism. R&D cost less when Gillette applied to a world market. (Susan Segal-Horn & David Faulkner, 1, p145)

Global strategy can also apply increased competitive leverage. This is global strategy provides more points for counterattack of competitors. For instance, Becton Dickinson, a major US medical products company, was afraid of Japanese company breaking into US market. To limit Japanese expansion Becton Dickinson entered Hong Kong, Singapore and the Philippines. (Peter Enderwick, 00)

There are also some shortages among global firms. International firms may significant increase their management costs through increased coordination. When a firm gets into global strategy, the aspiration to earn market participation can force a firm to incur earlier or greater commitment to a market than is warranted on its own merits. One example, Motorola got great red in Japan for the market participation. The activity concentration can distance customers and lower responsiveness and flexibility. The product standardization can result in a product that does not satisfy any customers. For example, P&G Cheer laundry detergent in Japan gave customers inappropriate message (washes in all temperatures) and neglected the amount of fabric softener used. Global strategy may also lead to less local responsiveness, which means global strategy can reduce a firm's effectiveness in individual countries. (Peter Enderwick, 00)

Influence of a transnational strategy

The definition of the transnational strategy is that the transnational is attempting to build and benefit from interdependent networks worldwide, which both develop and share specific knowledge and expertise held at dispersed international locations. (Susan Segal-Horn & David Faulkner, 1, p)

A transnational strategy makes sense when a firm faces high pressures for cost reductions, high pressures for local responsiveness. In some ways, firms that pursue a transnational strategy are trying to simultaneously achieve cost and differentiation advantages. (Charles W. L. Hill, 00,4)

Therefore transnational firms have both advantages on cost reduction and local responsiveness. These firms have similar subsidiaries to global firms but their branches are interdependent, and managed worldwide integrated.

The case of Caterpillar can prove the point.

In the 180s, Caterpillar had to compete with low-cost competitors such as Komatsu and Hitachi of Japan, which forced Caterpillar to look for greater cost economies, and, meanwhile, because of variations in construction practices and government regulations across countries, Caterpillar had to remain responsive to local demands. Therefore, Caterpillar was confronted with significant pressures for cost reductions and for local responsiveness.

To deal with cost pressures, Caterpillar redesigned its products to use many identical components and invested in a few large-scale component-manufacturing facilities, sited at favorable locations, to fill global demand and realize scale economics. As to cope with the local responsiveness, Caterpillar also augmented the centralized manufacturing of components with assembly plants in each of its major global markets and added local product features, tailoring the finished product to local needs. By pursuing this strategy, Caterpillar realized many of the benefits of global manufacturing while also responding to pressures for local responsiveness by differentiating its product among national markets. (Charles W. L. Hill, 00,45)

Although the benefits of taking transnational strategies are sound, because simultaneously trying achieve cost reduction and local responsiveness places contradictory demands on an organization, it is a complex and difficult task to carry transnational strategies.

Conclusion

Considering the advantages and disadvantages among these three strategies, people may think transnational is the best one and the final strategy an international firm are going to take. The author of this essay agrees that firms should take transnational to get the most benefits when only thinking about the advantages and disadvantages. But, the most important thing for a firm to choose an international strategy is to identify its business situation and choose a most suitable strategy. That is why there are still many successful multidomestic and global firms.

(047 words)

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Public Viewing of Television

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The Public viewing of television is a relatively new and interesting social phenomenon.The public viewing of television is a very interesting social phenomenon with a completely different set of habits and intricacies than that of home viewing.In some ways it can be considered as a completely separate social phenomena of regular, home based, television viewing.The viewing norms associated with public television viewing are very complex, can vary from location to location and are under continuous change as technology advances.

While people watch TV in public they consciously and semiconsciously interact with both the television they are watching and the people around them.In attempting to describe the norms of public viewing in a particular environment, one must look at how the physical structure of the environment, the types of viewers present and the various social gratification goals of these viewers affects the norms.

The public viewing location looked at in this paper is the sports bar, perhaps one of the best example of public viewing.It's sole purpose over time has shifted from someplace to gather before and after games to show devotion to the local sports clubs to a public places devoted solely to viewing television with others.Perhaps no other public place has benefited as much, and exploited, advances in television viewing technology.

Today's average sports bar contains multiple television sets viewable from almost anywhere in the establishment along with giant screens to accommodate the viewing of the most popular events.The content of the programming shown has also changed dramatically recently, gone are the days of viewing whatever sports were broadcast locally. Sports bars now take advantage hundreds of available cable channels, use multiple satellite systems to get content from anywhere in the world and with the creation of specialty sports channels always have sports content anytime of day.

This relatively new setup has changed the physical structure of the setting to allow it to accommodate a much wider variety of viewers, extending beyond the traditional sports viewer.This has given sports bars a unique role in society, offering television viewing possibilities that would not otherwise be as accessible to the viewer at home.This creates a unique public television viewing environment that cannot be duplicated at home, at least not without considerable cost, with it's own unique set of norms and interactions.

The average sports bar is frequented by a unique collection of all different types of viewers, attempting to describe the norms of public viewing in this location is a complex task.One reason for this is the physical structure of the environment mentioned earlier.The whole environment is geared to cater to the widest group of viewers possible to maximize profits.Sports bars now show non sports television during daytimes and more recently have begun airing reality based TV shows alongside sports.

This physical structure along with secondary activities present in the bar setting, such as eating, drinking, games and socializing, makes it hard to easily describe the public viewing norms.Also, types of viewers are hard to define because they often fall into multiple categories, to make things worse viewing habits change as sport seasons change and progress.

Neatly categorizing all the viewing norms that exists in this environment that caters to a such broad spectrum of tastes is almost impossible, so instead this paper will describe a four broad types of viewers in this environment and the norms associated with them.There were many factors used in the classification of the four main types of viewer and norms associated with them, but this was done broadly enough using only sport viewing so that the groupings could be used to describe the norms of the majority public viewing taking place.

The first group of viewers identified in the norms of TV viewing in sports bars are the "sports fanatics".These people show the highest level of intensity and concentration while viewing television in sports bars.They usually situate themselves in a location that is the best possible vantage point for watching multiple sporting events at once.They tend not to waste time on a big screen with only one event, instead seeking out locations with multiple simulcast television content.

They religiously attend their favourite viewing locations on big game days, such as Monday night football, and spend large amounts of their free time and weekends there.They develop a regular schedule and pattern of viewing during each different sports season.They arrive early to get a good spot, the best possible in relation to games they have interest in, and stay until the last game of the evening, making a full days event out of it.

The average viewer is amazed by their capability to follow so many events at once, jumping from program to another during commercial breaks, between periods and intermissions without missing a thing.They will often comment on an important development in one game and before that event can be confirmed by the average viewer, they comment on another in a different game.Their ability to keep track and retain information from each game watched is also usually astonishing.

There tends to be two schools of interaction with the television being viewed with this type of viewer.On the one hand there is the school of quiet intense concentration, with only occasional comments directed towards the television in key situations, and then there is the vocal school of interaction with the television, where all developments are subjected to vocal outburst at any time either positively or negatively.

This group of viewer can also sometimes be recognized by their attire and belongings.They often sport a favourite or lucky piece of sports clothing such as an old hat or well worn shirt.Sometimes they are visually identifiable by an large number of pro line or over under tickets laid out in front of them.They may also have other useful articles such as newspapers that contain odds and lines, rosters and pitching rotations.

Their viewing habits and ability to retain knowledge from every game watched further adds to their incredible base of sports knowledge.They contain an amazing amount of information regarding obscure trivia and history.They will know everything from the regular season schedules, be up to date on standings, point races, player statuses, upcoming trade deadlines, pitching rotations.Amounts of information that the average person sees as excessive and pointless.

These characteristics play a role in the secondary activities they participate in while publicly viewing.They often have regular people to watch and discuss games with.They don't tend to socialize too far outside their regular viewing groups.A majority, not all, participate in wagers on the games to add to the viewing experience either through legal betting, locally organized pools, illegal bookies and most recently through accounts on offshore online betting services.

They are usually willing to lead and participate in discussion about past and currently viewed sports television.However the majority do not like to be challenged on the correctness of their stated sports knowledge or why they concentrate so much effort and resources on viewing sports television.

The majority of these types of viewers are males that range in age from their mid twenties to late fifties.The ethnic make up is mixed but is predominantly white.The social class and level of education vary from location to location but is mostly made up of blue collar workers with less education.

They get a wide variety of gratification from this type of viewing.It is an entertaining escape from tedious jobs for many, and it can creates a hobby out of their particular favourite TV content.This hobby keeps them occupied and protected from the reality of their current or future situations.For some it also fills a void in their life, extending from boyhood dreams of playing pro sports, it allows them to be a part of their favourite teams in their minds.It also offers an escape for some from their social context, ditching family and regular social circles for superstars and sports legends.

The second type of common viewer in this environment is the specific team or average sports fan.Similar in ways to the sports fanatic but only shows that level of devotion and participation to a few professional sports teams. Usually a life long choice extending back to their childhood, but with the advent of satellite TV people are now free to chose their own team.

Tend to not be worried about location and type viewing experience as long as they get to watch their team.Their pattern of viewing is much less intensive as the sports fanatics'.Does not need to frequent public places to follow their team(s) on television as much because they can get adequate coverage at home. They tend to venture out to support their teams only on important occasions or when friends share the same or competing sports affiliations.Will usually only stay for length of game of interest. This group also exhibits a lot of concentration while viewing the television but with a more defined purpose.Will interact directly with the TV, as with the sports fanatic, but will participate in other activities between breaks in play and commercials.

This type of viewer can sometimes also be identified by team clothing and articles.Sometimes will wear as much team clothing and colours as possible to show support for team on television.This group of viewers knowledge of their favourite television sports team is comparable to that of a fanatics but localized to their interests.

With their less intensive viewing schedule this group tends to participate in more secondary activities.As their outings to view their teams on TV are less frequent, usually spend more money on food and drink and make more of a social night outing of it.They are more willing to talk to other viewers in the environment and have more social interactions with others, especially with other fans their teams but this can also make them the target of others who do not share their choice in teams.

This group varies widely in everything from gender, race, education and social class.However, there does exist some teams with fans of more particular segments of society.The motives for public viewing is their preferred content, this provides gratification in entertainment, relaxation, excitement and allows them to escape their current reality for a time.It may also fill a social need to feel part of a team.Their social context is more spur of the moment then previous group, viewing with anyone else who shares interest in particular games; this can be family, friends, other fans in the bar or just associating with the team on TV.

The third type of viewer in this environment is the once in a while or big event viewer.Their viewing pattern is very different from both previous groups, only surfacing to participate when there is big important event or when everybody else is going to see that particular television event.They situate themselves wherever they can get a good view of the event, often displacing regulars, but usually in areas set up just for the special events.They occupy both good and bad viewing positions depending on the amount of effort they put into participating in the event.

Their public viewing is limited to only that event and their level of intensity of viewing that events varies.Most make in effort of taking in the event and participating as much as is possible directly with the television.The knowledge level of this group is less than that of the other two groups so there are less comments directed out loud towards the television, and are generally more cautious.Their knowledge is restricted to the amount that they are viewers in the home.They are very likely to participate in secondary activities as this a more one special social event than a regular viewing location.

They participate more socially than the other two groups, often coming in groups of friends just for the special event and carry out a wide range of conversations at all time during the event.Their viewing purposes are to fulfill an occasional viewing preference and to interact socially.The gratification they receive is purely entertainment, excitement and escape from day to day life.They tend to be people between the ages of twenty five and forty. Most with steady jobs that prevent them from spending lots of time viewing sports and fairly well off to afford the higher prices of the larger events such as boxing.

The fourth type of viewer is the observer, usually a friend or person pressured into coming with one of the previous types of viewer, this includes some closet fans.Their viewing tendencies are based on those who they accompanied but less focused on the television.They spend most of their time observing the people watching, following along, participating only when the situation arises.They may or may not normally watch that type of content regularly at home or in public so their knowledge of the content is limited.Usually knowing only a few of the names or lingo associated with a particular television show, but attempt to make use of there knowledge as often as possible.

They may try to participate in as many of the secondary activities as possible to get the most entertainment value they can.Some attempt to learn more about that type of program through conversation for future participation. Some are shy and do not want to expose their lack of knowledge of this genre and avoid being drawn into conversations, others make negative comments about the genre to disassociate themselves from it.

Their motivation in participating in public viewing is purely social, either in a need to participate and understand or fear of being left out.The gratification they receive is a bit of excitement, entertainment, a change from the ordinary and social participation.This type of participants makeup varies widely and can be almost anyone from a co-worker, a girlfriend, a family member or just a friend that does not share similar content preferences.

These are the main norms that I encountered in my observing of public viewing in a sports bar environment.Although these are extreme generalization of the types of viewers and norms associated with them it does a good job of covering a lot of sports bar viewing norms.Obviously some public sports viewers will disagree with my description of norms encountered, but there exist a lot of varying norms in public viewing that fall between different types of viewers norms and would be too lengthy to cover in a paper of this length.

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Sun Microsystems

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Sun Microsystems four co-founders Scott Mcnealy, Bill Joy, Vinod Khosla, and Andreas Bechtolsheim founded Sun in 18.The four co-founders were students of Stanford University where they initially started the company to sell clones of the Stanford University Network workstation.Their vision was to ensure that network services were available to anyone, anywhere, anytime, using any device.The company is now one of the leading providers of industrial strength hardware, software, and services for building and maintaining network computing environments.Some of Sun¡¦s major accomplishments since inception in 18 are listed below

„18 Sun and Computervision sign a $40 million OEM agreement

„186 PC-NFS technology introduced and Sun has a successful Initial Public Offering (IPO)

„188 Sun reaches $1 billion in revenue-faster than any other computer company with a direct sales force

„11 More than half a million systems were shipped to date

„14 www.sun.com goes on line

„15 Introduces first universal software platform known as Java

„18 America On-line acquires Netscape-Sun and AOL join in a three year alliance to accelerate the growth of e-commerce

„000 Solaris 8 Operating environment introduced

„001 Sun is the global leader in network computing solutions that ¡§Take it to the nth¡¨, Sun is #1 in Worldwide UNIX revenues and shipments

„00 Sun introduces high performance XVR-1000 D graphics accelerator

Sun Microsystems corporate headquarters is located in Palo Alto, California with locations in more than 170 countries.The company currently employs more than 4,000 employees worldwide and is ranked 15th on the Fortune 500 Index.Scott G. McNealy, one of the four co-founders, serves as the Chairman of the Board of Directors and the Chief Executive Officer.The company has continually increased revenues over the past 5 fiscal years with $18.5 billion of revenues reported in 001. The company has also continued to increase income over the past five fiscal years with the exception of the FY01.Sun reported net income of $7 million for the FY01 as compared to a net income of $1.85 billion for the FY00.A portion of the decline in income can be attributed to the loss on strategic investments and the cumulative effect of change in accounting principles, which totaled $144 million.Sun¡¦s common stock is traded on The NASDAQ National Market under the tickler symbol SUNW.

. Products/Services

.1 Major categories of Products/Services

Sun Microsystems, Inc. is a leading supplier of products (servers, workstations, storage devices, network switches incorporating UltraSPARC microprocessors and the Solaris operating system, and a provider of services, for building and maintaining network computing environments. Sun created the Java programming language. Sun has about170 sales/service offices in the U.S; 180 overseas.

. Target Market

Sun is now focusing sales efforts on health-care, retail, and government customers. These industries have substantial legacy computing environments, unlike the dot.com companies, companies that accounted for such a large portion of Sun¡¦s sales in the past few years.

. Important Characteristics

.4 Differentiation from competitors

Java, made by Sun, is a popular programming language that supports software applications on a variety of computers, regardless of the underlying operating system. It is an example of what is known as open-source in that the underlying code is not proprietary like that of Microsoft¡¦s software. There is a battle between Sun and Microsoft to establish the standards for the Internet. Microsoft depends on developers to build applications that run on its operating systems and that¡¦s the intent now with the new web tools it has recently introduced get developers to build applications for .NET. If Microsoft gets its way it will dominate the internet in much the same way it has dominated the desktop.Sun is suing Microsoft for more than 1 billion dollars because the software giant made the Windows XP operating system incompatible with Java.Indigenous to this open-source world is the concept that active competition brings increased creativity. As multiple efforts to solve a problem are developed, new and innovative approaches tend to appear. Superior solutions thrive; inferior projects eventually wither and die. But because the source is open for all to see, clever ideas that may have manifested themselves in the weaker projects will eventually appear in the stronger projects. So the strong eventually survive and thrive, assimilating any creative features of the weak. To this, add the postulate that as nature abhors a vacuum, open source by its nature abhors a monopoly. Very few open-source efforts exist that have not been challenged by other projects of a very similar nature. In a practice that appears to be a strange corollary to the survival of the fittest, open source actually demands that there be at least one other competitor around, at least at the beginning. (There have been exceptions to this rule, but they are relatively few in number.) After all, how can you determine which project really is the fittest if no one ever tried to do a better job?

.5 Market Share

With server revenue of .7 billion last year (000), the company ranked second in the worldwide market, behind IBM Corp., according to Dataquest Inc., San Jose. Sun garnered an 18% share of the server market, and the company¡¦s sales in that segment grew 4% from 1. Although IBM had a 6% share, the company¡¦s 1 billion in server sales were unchanged from the previous year.In the United States, Sun¡¦ server business grew 45%, to 4.7 billion, while IBM saw a 10% drop, to 4.6 billion, according to Dataquest.

Sales of Unix servers have soared in recent years, fueled by the rapid growth of the Internet and Web-related businesses. In particular, high-end Unix servers equipped with 64-bit processors have come to serve as the e-commerce backbone because of their scalability and large memory capacity.Sun, in particular, experienced tremendous growth by securing business ties to many up-and-coming Internet-based businesses, eventually taking over the position as the Unix server market leader in 18. Since that time, HP and IBM have remained at No.and No., respectively, according to revenue figures compiled by International Data Corp.The ¡§gray¡¨ market of second hand Sun servers (from bankrupt telecom and dot-com companies) continues to detract from sales of new equipment, though purchases of used Sun servers should generate service contracts for the company. Some of the top line softness in the past few quarters may be attributable to customers delaying purchases until servers using Sun¡¦s UltraSPARC III microprocessor are available.

Sun has been losing share in the market for storage products linked to its Solaris operating system, falling behind EMC in a sector that it should own. Sun only got % of that market when they should be getting 100%.

.6 New and upcoming features

Sun plans to penetrate new markets through a combination of new products and new selling strategies. Sun has launched two new storage products, the StorEdge00 and 600. Both built on Sun¡¦s established T storage offerings but boasting improved features such as remote diagnostics and ¡§phone home¡¨ capability, which means in the event of a failure¡Xor potential failure¡Xthe system can contact Sun¡¦s service center, and engineers can solve the problem remotely. Also, Sun announced its new Storage Resource Management software offering, which is aimed at making sprawling data centers more manageable.

Please note that this sample paper on Sun Microsystems is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sun Microsystems, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Sun Microsystems will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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A Call for the Acceptance of Homosexuals within the Christian Community

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A Call for the Acceptance of Homosexuals within the Christian Community

For most people, with differing religious backgrounds and beliefs, the words "homosexual" and "Christian" do not mesh. The church body as a whole does not recognize homosexuality as being consistent with Scripture, and leaders within the church provide extensive evidence as to why they have come to this conclusion. The Bible is used as their main source for refuting the gay lifestyle, and many Christians would argue that homosexuality is aiding the breakdown of the family structure in our society. While the evidence against homosexuality seems biblically based and compelling at first glance, a closer examination of the biblical context shows something somewhat different. People must also take into account the recent advances in scientific research regarding homosexuality, and question whether or not sexual orientation is truly a choice. Fortunately, many denominations are taking an active stand in support of gay and lesbian rights. There are churches headed by gay ministers; and in some places, same-sex unions are being provided as well. Perhaps in time, more churches will follow their example. In order to model what Jesus taught in the Bible, we are called to love God above all, but also to love our neighbors as well. Whether or not an agreement concerning the sinfulness and morality of homosexuality is made, there must be a recognition that we all share a common humanity and can learn and grow by building each other up no matter what sex, nationality, age, religion, or sexual orientation a person might be.

Webber

The major arguments against homosexuality are based on verses found within the Bible. Each of these verses should be reviewed and discussed. The story of the destruction of Sodom in Genesis 11-5 is referred to frequently. God had sent two angels to the city of Sodom and they took shelter in the home of Abraham's nephew, Lot. The men in the town became aware of the "visitor's" presence and demanded that Lot send them outside; their intentions were to have sex with them. In order to protect the angels, Lot offers his daughters to the men instead, but they refuse. The mob of angry men then began to charge at the door; however, the angels blinded them and then warned Lot and his family to leave the city because it would be destroyed (Homosexuality 1).

Many scholars believe the destruction of Sodom was due to the homosexual intentions of the men in the account; this, however, is up for debate. According to Walter Wink, a Professor of Biblical Interpretation at Auburn Theological Seminary in New York City, this was an attempt at demasculinizing other men. The sexual act that might have occurred would not have been expressed out of love but rather out of force (1). In all aspects, the actions were quite similar to rape, which should be viewed unacceptably in homosexual and heterosexual relationships alike. Jude 7 makes reference to the sexual perversion of Sodom's people, but this verse could be taken as a condemnation of sexual crimes toward all people. Ezekiel 1648-50 should also be noted in this case. It states, "Now this was the sin of your sister Sodom She and her daughters were arrogant, overfed and unconcerned; they did not help the poor and needy. They were haughty and did detestable things before me. Therefore I did away with them as you have seen." No distinct reference to homosexuality is made in the list of reasons for Sodom's downfall, thus this verse seems to lose its credit in regards to the churches stance against a loving homosexual relationship.

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Leviticus 01 must also be examined "If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. They must be put to death; their blood will be on their own heads." This verse appears unquestionably in opposition to the act of homosexuality. Certain issues must be discussed concerning this verse, however. If Christians feel the need to follow the Scriptures completely, then they should do just that. This verse specifically states that a man who lies with another man must be put to death. Then should Christians be in support of capital punishment for all homosexual couples? Let us hope not.Homosexuality is referred to as being a detestable abomination. The Hebrew word for abomination, "to'ebah," refers to things that are ritually unclean. "It's not about a moral or ethical issue" (ECWR ). The abomination described here is merely a part of the Holiness Code set out in Leviticus. In the Hebrew culture of this time period, semen was viewed as the producer of life itself; so homosexual acts and masturbation were seen as a waste of life, quite similar to our present day conflict with abortion. In any case, theologians might still use this verse in order to attack homosexuality. They should truly consider the repercussions of choosing to do so, however. By insisting "on using this passage to condemn homosexuality, then they are also bound by the other rules and rituals described in Leviticus" (Homosexuality ). Other infractions against the Holiness Code, deserving punishment, included the following sexual intercourse during a woman's menstrual cycle, tattoos, wearing certain types of jewelry, eating certain kinds of meat, wearing clothing made from blended textiles, cross-breeding livestock, sowing a field with mixed seed, eating or touching the dead flesh of pigs, and men cutting their hair or shaving their beards (). If the rules of this Holiness Code were carried out, then most people would have no chance of escaping punishment. These laws were established for the Jewish nation; however, the Christian church must also take note of them because of their place within the Scriptures. Fortunately for mankind, God is abounding in grace and forgiveness rather than judgment and

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condemnation. For this reason, Christians do not follow the law, but rather live according to the Spirit.

These two Biblical references are not the end of our discussion. There are verses that deal with Homosexuality in the Bible's New Testament as well. The Apostle Paul makes this statement in Romans 17 "the men also abandoned natural relations with women and were inflamed with lust for one another. Men committed indecent acts with other men, and received in themselves the due penalty for their perversion." Commenting on this verse, one individual believed that specific medical consequences are the penalty received literally "within" gay men. Namely, AIDS is referred to as a direct punishment on homosexuals because of their "sin" against God (St. Paul 1). Walter Wink would be in direct opposition to this idea of divine judgment though. He makes the following comment

"Some people assume today that venereal disease and AIDS are diving punishments for homosexual behavior; we know it is a risk involved in promiscuity of every stripe, homosexual and heterosexual. In fact, the vast majority of people with AIDS the world around are heterosexuals. We can scarcely label AIDS a diving punishment, since nonpromiscuous lesbians are at almost no risk" (Wink ).

Continuing with the discussion of Romans 17, Paul may have been referring to the pagan temple orgies which occurred in the Greek culture of this time period. It's quite possible that he was speaking out against "the fertility cults involving sex among priestesses and between men and eunuch prostitutes such as served Aphrodite at Corinth, from where he was writing this letter to the Romans. Their self-castrating rites resulted in a bodily 'penalty'" (ECWR ). Paul was not a witness of mutual love and commitment between two gay people; he also knew

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nothing about the psychosexual and scientific research concerning a person's inborn sexual orientation. He witnessed the indecent acts of Greek paganism, and made condemnation against exalting the body of a person over the Spirit of God.

Homosexuals attempting to live within the church community are faced with overwhelming emotions of guilt and fear at times. These emotions result from uncertainty and the belief that gay people will be separated from God and forced to spend an eternity in hell.

Even I Corinthians 6-10 states the following "Do you not know that the wicked will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters nor adulterers nor male prostitutes nor homosexual offenders nor thieves nor the greedy nor drunkards nor slanderers nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God." This is another verse that can be used to discourage a homosexual lifestyle. Read the verse. It doesn't seem to be confusing. It says that homosexual offenders will not inherit the kingdom of God. Read the whole verse though. It also says that a sexually immoral person along with those who are greedy and drunkards and anyone who places anything at all above God will also not inherit the kingdom of God. It doesn't seem like many people are going to make it. We will all be doomed by the sinful nature within us. Is this really the case though? When we read the verse that follows those listed above, Paul goes on to say that "you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Spirit of our God." You see, it isn't God's desire that any man should perish. He created man to fellowship with him. We may disappoint God at times due to the sinful nature within us; but we must realize that each of us shares in that sin nature, not solely homosexuals. Perhaps not one of us really deserves to inherit the kingdom of God; but he loves us so much that he provided atonement through the sacrifice of his son, Jesus, to provide a way.

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To further the discussion on I Corinthians, reference must also be made to the inadequacy of present-day translations. The term "Homosexuality" wasn't coined until the 100's, so the authors of the Bible did not share the same meaning of the word that society does today. In the original text, the words "arsenokoitai" and "malakoi" are used to describe what the Bible now terms as homosexuality. According to an article by Evangelists Concerned Western Region, Inc., "The Fundamentalist Journal admits, 'These words are difficult to translate'" (). Walter Wink doesn't even consider this particular passage of scripture because of its ambiguity. The original meaning is believed to be referring to feminine "call boys" who were expected to maintain sexual relations with elder men of the town. "In short, it is unclear whether the issue is homosexuality, or promiscuity and 'sex-for-hire'" ().

With each of the Biblical passages used against homosexuality, a refutation can be made. There are personal biases and cultural norms that have influenced how the Scriptures have been translated into modern text. It is also difficult to produce the words in English that match the meaning behind the author's actual words in Hebrew and Greek (Homosexuality 1). It seems as though "preachers go to great lengths to explain the history and cultures of the time in other areas of the Bible when it suits their purpose, but not with regard to these particular scriptures. This is a double standard" (ECWR 4). For instance, the Bible makes reference to the following the practice of polygamy, the expectation for widows to engage in intercourse with their husband's brothers until she bore a male heir, and the regard of slavery as a necessary norm. "The Bible permitted behaviors that we today condemn polygamy, levirate marriage, sex with slaves, concubinage, treatment of women as property, and very early marriage" (Wink 5). Would anyone recommend that our society retreat to the way it was during the time the Bible was written? Doubtful. Then why do people insist on picking and choosing which lifestyle choices are acceptable or not? If society feels justified in disagreeing with other sexual practices found

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within the Bible, it would seem that the same concepts would be applied to homosexuality as well.

Along with Biblical text, scientific research regarding homosexuality should also be considered. According to the American Psychological Association, a person's sexual orientation is not a choice; and homosexuality is neither a mental illness nor an emotion problem (American 1). This view towards homosexuality has actually developed only in the past 0-0 years though. It was in 17 that the APA "voted to delete homosexuality from its official list of mental disorders and issued a strong statement of support for gay rights" (Gay 1). Melvin Sabshin, MD, gives credit to scientific evidence as the force behind this social and political call for change (1).

The APA provides information on the development of sexual orientation along with other facts related to the topic. Scientists have yet to understand, completely, the development of a person's sexual orientation; yet certain factors are considered. Genetic and hormonal factors are measured, along with the experiences a person has during their early childhood. It's most likely, though, that biological, psychological and social factors all work together to determine any person's sexual orientation (American 1).

Most individuals develop a certain attraction to either their own sex or the opposite sex without any prior sexual experience. For some people, who have an attraction toward the same sex, therapy might seem the only option. Many homosexuals report feeling alone and concerned over rejection from family, friends, and the religious institutions they are apart of. However, attempts at changing sexual orientation have met with little results. "In 10, the American Psychological Association stated that scientific evidence does not show that conversion works and that it can do more harm than good" () They continue by saying that altering something that is part of a person's inborn identity could have devastating consequences. It would be just as

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difficult for a heterosexual person to become homosexual; but does society expect that of them? No.

In regards to psychological causes of homosexuality, the Kinsey Institute had a hard time finding any. They interviewed around 1000 homosexuals and 500 heterosexuals, and asked questions concerning "parental relationships, childhood sexual experiences, peer relationships, (and) dating experiences," but yet they found no conclusive evidence as to why one person would be homosexual in comparison to someone else (Scientific ). Some theories would suggest why same-sex attraction occursperhaps someone was segregated by their gender during puberty, was a victim of sexual abuse, or lacked the influence of a male role-model while growing up. Despite the theories though, nothing concrete has been determined ().

Researcher Simon LeVay attempted to break down the codes of cell clusters. His findings would lead some to believe that "sexual orientation is at least partly physiological." He discovered that "The cell cluster was reliably larger in heterosexual men then in women and homosexual men" (). Also, Laura Allen and Roger Gorski have found that "a section of the fibers connecting right and left hemispheres is one-third larger in homosexual men than in heterosexual men" (4). These researchers suggest, from their findings, that homosexuals are born that way and have no control over their sexual orientation. Other scientists would refute this belief, stating "perhaps biological factors predispose a temperament that influences sexuality 'in the context of individual learning and experience'" (4). Perhaps then, people are not necessarily born that way but are more likely to "become" homosexual as a result of their biological makeup. Whether or not a person is born as a homosexual is sure to be disputed for years to come.

After taking into account the Biblical verses dealing with homosexuality and the latest scientific research, where do churches stand today on the issue? To answer that question, it's

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helpful to identify the beliefs concerning homosexuality throughout all of the denominations. "In 17 the (United Methodist Church) stated that homosexuality was incompatible with Christian teaching, but supported the civil rights of gays" (Summary 1). Same-sex unions are not performed and gay ministers risk being banned if their sexuality is found out. Similar perspectives are held by the Episcopalian, Lutheran, and Presbyterian denominations as well. Some congregations do perform gay ceremonies, but this is not the norm. The Roman Catholic Church condemns homosexual acts as being sinful; but they do distinguish between sexual orientation, which they are neutral on. Seventh-Day Adventists are explicitly against homosexuality along with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints that "has the most anti-gay policies of any religion widely practiced in the United States" (1). On the opposite end of the spectrum we find the Unitarian Church and the United Church of Christ. "The United Church of Christ became the first Christian denomination to ordain an openly gay person to the ministry" (). Along with the Unitarian Church, they perform same-sex unions and take an active interest in protecting the rights of homosexuals. It's intriguing to see such varying perceptions on homosexuality within the one religion of Christianity. The treatment of gay and lesbian people will differ according to the denomination. One might assume the church would have a specific belief concerning the treatment of homosexuals; however, the apparent disagreements prove otherwise. Who then is right, and what should Christians be expected to believe?

Perhaps a clear-cut solution will never be made regarding this issue, but a certain common ground can be established. It can be argued that the Bible does not overtly condemn homosexuality, as society perceives it today; however, the practice of homosexuality still goes against the intent God had planned when creating man and woman. Genesis 4 states that "a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh." Despite the discrepancies in Biblical translation and the refutations made against verses dealing with homosexuality, one thing is still apparentGod created men to be with women rather than other men. Anything outside of a committed marriage relationship is a deviation from God's original plan, and is sin. But where does this leave the homosexual person desiring to maintain their own relationship with God and who desire to play a part in the Church setting?

The important thing to understand is that each of us is dealing with sin. It's simply a part of our human nature. Arguments in support of homosexuality are not sound when referring to the Bible

Please note that this sample paper on A Call for the Acceptance of Homosexuals within the Christian Community is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Call for the Acceptance of Homosexuals within the Christian Community, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on A Call for the Acceptance of Homosexuals within the Christian Community will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Antigone 5 Paragraph Essay

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Conflicts affect people in both positive and negative ways.Usually conflict results in changes in attitude, thought, and actions of a person.In the Greek tragedy Antigone, Sophocles portrays a struggle between a young woman, Antigone, and a wise king and her uncle, Creon, when Antigone buries her brother against Creon's proclamation, which eventually results in a line of deaths.The play investigates the adverse conflicts that occur when one person opposes to the law.Sophocles utilizes three general conflicts including the individual versus authority, youth versus age, and male versus female.

The first conflict is between individual and authority.The main dispute is between Antigone and her uncle Creon.This all starts with Antigone's brothers, one of whom attacks Thebes, while the other defends it.Both brothers die, but Creon chooses to honor the brother who defended the city, and leaves the other brother unburied.He does this because he is certain a person who attacks his city does not deserve burial.In Greek times if a person was unburied his/her soul wanders the earth without rest, because it can not cross the River Styx.At the start of the play, Antigone has a conversation with her sister, Ismene, where she explains why Creon has made his edict.Antigone announces, "It is against you and me he has made this order."(line 6) In this statement, Antigone says he has done this to her, and she regards it as being personal.This is the first clue that Antigone and Creon have had complications with each other in the past.Antigone know Creon will enforce the penalty of stoning for anyone who buries Polynices.She feels she has an obligation to the dead, so she decides to honor him with a pious burial.Antigone states, "He has no right to keep me from my own."(line 4) Though Antigone knows the punishment, she defies the king's authority, and gives her brother a holy funeral.She knows the punishment, but she respects a higher honor she knows she must pursue.Later Antigone adds, "There is no punishment can rob me of my honourable death." (line 85) This shows Antigone believes so stalwartly in her own ideals that she is willing to give her life to what she is ethical.It does not matter to Antigone that Creon will kill her and parade her motionless corpse for all to see.This is because she feels that the gods punish wrongdoers and it is wrong not to bury Polynices.Though Creon is very wise he does not always follow what he converses about.Creon tells the chorus about how a king must rule and how he must take advice, or he will be damned.Then Creon says, "That a king whose lips are sealed by fear unwilling to seek advice, is damned.And no less damned is he who puts a friend above his country."(lines 144-146) This is very exact when being a king, and is a very wise comment.Though Creon breaks this comment, because he does not take advice from younger people and women, because he feels he is always accurate.Later in the story, Creon discerns that Antigone is the wrongdoer.He wants her to admit that she knew his declaration, and disobeyed it openly.Antigone's pride in what she has done makes her admit it pompously.She declares, "I did not think your edicts strong enough to overrule the unwritten unalterable laws." (line 80) This line exemplifies Antigone's willingness to seek her own path to what she deems right.It is immaterial to her that she is the only one to take action against him openly, because she knows she is doing the right thing.Antigone life has been filled with much pain with the humiliation of her parents being mother and son.This is apparent when she tells Creon, "Living in daily torment as I do, who would not be glad to die." (lines 8-40) Antigone has been a victim of the curse of the House of Labdacus, and it is obliterating her family.Antigone is a very ardent figure that opposes the law.The prior catastrophes alter Antigone into a person who is a leader to many.In Creon's city the only one with any privileges is the king.After the sentry brings in Antgone, Creon declares, "But, as I live, she shall not flout my laws with impunity." (line 406) While he is in control, no one is going to treat Creon's laws with contempt, and go unpunished.He is very strict in his statutes, and is ready to take them into effect even if she is his niece.He thinks and announces that she is the only traitor in Thebes, and he does not wish it to spread.Creon states, "How if I tolerate a traitor at home shall I rule those abroad?" (line 557) Creon considers if he lets Antigone go people will think his punishments are not worth taking seriously.Creon explains, "Therefore, I hold to the law, and will never betray it." (line 575) He will not change his assessment to castigate Antigone, because no one he meets will take him serious.Creon then has a conversation with his son, Haemon, in which Haemon explains that Creon's harsh disciplines is resulting in sympathy for Antigone with the people of Thebes.Yet, Creon is bent on him being exactly right that he thinks people would never have pity for a criminal.He continues on to articulate, "You are wrong.None of my subjects think as you do." (line 47) To make it appear that he is not murdering Antigone he imprisons her in a cave with food and water, and the gods will decide is she lives or dies.Creon tells the Chorus, "Though on earth her life is ended from this day, her blood will not be on our hands." (line 750) He is convinced this will prove to the people that the gods do not support her doings.While in her rock prison, Antigone explains she is not troubled at Creon, but if she results in being correct she wishes, he too suffers her fate.Before Antigone's death she says, "Go I, his prisoner, because I honoured those things to which honour truly belongs." (line 78) Antigone departs her world holding unyielding in her principles and never once withdraws from them.Individual versus authority shows the determination of a youthful woman to oppose a king to do what is morally right.

Youth versus age is a major conflict that continues through this story.In the beginning, the Chorus holds a conversation with Creon about Polynices's body that is buried mysteriously.The Chorus states, "My lord, I fear-feared it from the first that this may prove to be an act of the gods." (lines -) This delineates the Chorus's skepticism and wide view that gods are among the people of earth.Creon is certain that the gods would do no such thing, so he tells the Chorus, "Enough of that! Or I shall lose my patience.Don't talk like an old fool, old though you be.Blasphemy, to say the gods could give a thought to carrion flesh!" (lines 4-7) Creon considers that since the Chorus is old they are crazy and delirious.He does not want to listen to cynicism; he just wants results.Later on in the play, Haemon has a talk with Creon.Haemon attempts to be very respectful and courteous to his father by his flattery.Haemon tells Creon, "I am your son, sir; by your wise decisions my life is ruled, and them I shall always obey." (lines 57-58) Haemon tries to be polite and slip in little bits of criticism, without Creon noticing.Creon is delighted in his son's obedience and loyalty over his life.Creon declares, "To be the father of unprofitable sons is to be the father of sorrows, a laughingstock to all one's enemies." (lines 545-547) This bellies that Creon is very critical of his self-image, and that a son should always be obedient, loyal, faithful for him to be profitable.Haemon explains to Creon, "I neither am nor wish to be clever enough to prove you wrong, though all men might not think the same as you do." (lines 58-584) In this statement Haemon calms Creon with sycophancy, then he says what he truly believes.Haemon then states, " Let not your first thought be your only thought." (line 60) Haemon wishes that his father be a wise king and take advice from his advisors.As another critique Haemon says, "It is no weakness for the wisest man to learn when he is wrong, know when to yield." (line 608) Again, Haemon thinks Creon can not accept that he can occasionally be incorrect.Haemon wishes his father would ask for help when he is not certain what to do.This causes Creon to be infuriated with Haemon, and he expresses it by saying, "Indeed! Am I to take lessons at my time of life from a fellow of his age." (line 6) Creon thinks just because Haemon is young he has no idea what he is talking about.Creon thinks he knows everything there is to know, and no one younger could possibly have something he does not know.Haemon then retorts, "It isn't a question of age, but of right and wrong." (line 65) Haemon knows that if Creon is to be a wise king he has to take advice.Haemon attempts to get Creon to over look the factor of age, but it does not result in a change.Creon regards himself as being able to do anything he desires, because he is king.He tells Haemon, "The people of Thebes! Since when do I take my orders from the people of Thebes." (line 60) Creon knows that the king is only responsible for one person, the king.Haemon, though is very young knows that selfishness is a terrible thing.He proclaims, "Isn't that rather a childish thing to say?" (line 61) He believes that a king should be mature enough to listen to others, no matter what the age.He also is certain that a king should know what he is saying with no prejudices, such as age.Haemon's disobedience results in Creon calling him a villain.Creon thinks Haemon is doing this to enrage him, and it works.This shows that Creon takes disloyalty as a threat, and portrays his short temper.At the end of the conversation, Haemon tells Creon what he really thinks, when he says, "Only because I know you are wrong, wrong." This bellies that Haemon can and willing to stand up for his ideals.The statement culminates the discussion.This states also explains how Haemon perceives Creon's ways.Near the end of the story, the blind prophet Teiresias visits Creon to tell him what he predicts for the future.In the beginning, Creon is respectful to the highly regarded prophet.He treats Teiresias as a wise and learned man.As evident when Creon states, "There was never a time when I failed to heed, it father." (line 80) Teiresias explains that his devotion is the reason why Creon has live such a well-guided life.The blind prophet depicts his prophecy, and Creon goes into a fury.He is positive that Teiresias is in his presence for his own self-gain, and he is taunting Creon.Creon complains, "You take me for your target reverend sir, like all the others." (line 860) He is sure that the only reason Teiresias is telling him this lie is for greed.However, the conflict of opinions Teiresias continues to enlighten Creon with his divination.This prophecy causes Creon to have a drastic change in his character.He realizes that to help save his son and his city he must release Antigone and bury Polynices.This demarcates the change of Creon from the beginning to the end of the story. Finally, at the end Creon states, "I know not where I should turn, where to look for help?" (line 11-14) He is confused with the past events, and his entire family's death devastates him.He wishes for his death, but he knows this is not an option.Youth versus age results in changes of character with Creon by making him a wiser king.

The conflict of male versus female is evident in this story, and vividly exposes the power structure at that time.In the introductory conversation between Antigone and her sister, Ismene the battle between male and female is clear.It also bellies the character traits of each woman.Antigone is strong, passionate, and fiery, while Ismene is weak, scared, fragile, and obedient.Ismene follows what men declare for the fear of the consequences.She describes to Antigone her beliefs by saying, "How could you dare, when Creon has expressly forbidden it?" (line 41) She does not feel it is possible for women to stray from man's wishes.Unlike Antigone, who follows what she perceives has right no matter if a man forbids it.Ismene then states, "O think, Antigone; we are women; it is not for us to fight against men; our rulers are stronger than we." (lines 5-54) This exemplifies females' domination by men, and it being a routine everyday thing.Just because men are stronger, women feel they cannot stand up to them.Later on when Creon decides to kill Antigone he proclaims, "Oh, there are other fields to plough."(line 486) This sexist remark by Creon shows that to Creon women are objects for enjoyment, and they have not other important contribution to society.It also shows that all women are the same and not one of them is dissimilar.Creon then goes on to how he believes that women are despicable things who wreck lives, because he has had bad experiences in the past.He says, "Do not be fooled, my son, by lust and wiles of a woman.You'll have bought cold comfort if your wife is a worthless one." (lines 547-54) This quote by Creon explains that women are problematic and conniving.Creon fells that women are worthless if they cannot work, so why have them around.Again later Creon exemplifies his dislike for women when he states, "Better be beaten, if need be, by a man, than let a women get the better of us." (lines 577-578) This declaration clarifies he would rather let a man beat him, because they are equals.Than let an inferior woman who has no brains deceive you him.Creon has a prejudice against women and is the main example of the conflict of male versus female in this story.

In Antigone, Sophocles applies three conflicts he develops to make the plot more tantalizing individual versus authority, youth versus age, and male versus female.Individual versus authority is manipulated to show the difference between Antigone and Creon, and eventually her disobedience causes her death.Youth versus age depicts the age differences and their unique mindsets, which helps Creon to become a wiser ruler.Male versus female helps clear Creon of his prejudices, because he know knows how much women actually meant to him after his wife's death.All three of the conflicts affected Creon in some way or another and changes Creon's and others' way of thinking towards life forever.

Please note that this sample paper on Antigone 5 Paragraph Essay is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Antigone 5 Paragraph Essay, we are here to assist you.Your research papers on Antigone 5 Paragraph Essay will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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