Dream house

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Dream House

I am going to write about the first time I visited my house, it's actually my parents' house but they build that house for me. They asked me what kind of house I wanted and I explained them and then the made my dream come true.

As I approach the island on which my dream house awaits, I catch a quick glimpse of it.It is huge, and is the most noticeable building in the area.My private plane lands on the airstrip next to the house.I get out of the plane and start my journey through a heavily wooded path leading to my dream house. I walk with anxiety toward the house at which I will spend the rest of my life.

All around me lay the most beautiful trees and plants you have ever seen.It is peaceful but you can hear the sounds of birds chirping and small forest creatures frolicking in the under brush.As I continue to walk along the path

the end starts to appear.I now see my house for the first time up close. Nothing could have prepared me for the moment I was about to experience.

My house that I designed is all I imagined and more. It is a four-story dream on a huge fifteen-acre lot.As I approach the stairs at the entrance to the house I am surrounded by four columns leading to the most elegant doors I have ever seen. They are made of mahogany and have a stained glass window in the center.The handles and the frame are made of brass. As I continue around the house I come across three windows overlooking the entrance to the house. There are black shutters on each window. As the porch continues to the south side of the house I am now looking over the Pacific Ocean. A huge eight-foot picture is facing the same way I am.As I look down and observe the ocean I see two piers jutting out into the Pacific.On either side of the piers are huge boulders protecting the coast line from erosion.The houses walls are made of stucco and it has an old fashion shingles that are a clay color.

As I walk into the back yard I am surrounded by the best things a girl could ever want. Well not quite everything, but a lot of things. I walk toward the road and I first come across a basketball court.To the left of the

Basketball court is a tennis court. There is a bar in between the two to take a break at between games.On the opposite side of the yard there is an in ground swimming pool that is connected to the pool inside the house. As my

Journey comes to a close I notice a white gazebo off to the east of the house. It is in a position such that you can see anyone entering or leaving the lot if you are sitting in it.

As my plane leaves to go home to pack I take one last look at the house.I think to myself, Yes this is my dream house, My dream house.

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Do consumers effectively own brands and not companies?

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Some researchers suggest that whilst companies may have legal ownership of brand names, it is consumer who now effectively own brands.Discuss this statement in relation to the roles of that brands fulfil how these have and continue to change.

Brands lie at the heart of the business and many of the world's best known companies, e.g. Unilever, Procter and Gamble, Mars are all very much structured around their brands.It would be very difficult to give an exact definition of what a brand is as there are many different aspects of brands and also many varying opinions, but it is what defines a good, and how it is viewed.Nevertheless, they play a vital role in today's society not just for producers/companies, but also for the consumers.

Brands have quite a substantial role to play for companies.The brand is the thing that differentiates their product and sticks out in the minds of the consumers as being something which appeals to them or something that they don't want.

If a company can gain consumer loyalty through their experience of the brand, it gives the company a number of distinct advantages i.e. protection from new rivals competing with the product, less need for as many promotions and other advertising methods as they don't keep having to force the 'hard sell'.

Developing a portfolio of brands can enable a company to target different consumer segments, thereby increasing share and profit.

To many firms, a brand is worth more than a product because of the associations attached to it.It serves as a useful shorthand expression for a whole collection of attributes and properties associated with a given product.

Consumers also find brands vitally important.A customer's attitude towards a brand is his evaluation of the brand's potential to satisfy his/her motives.In today's marketplace many consumers form relationships with brands.Corporations communicate brand concepts and consumers transform these to brand images, which they store in their mind.I shall discuss this in more detail later on.Kapferer indicates brands as having a physique, personality, culture, all of which suit the self-image of the consumer that tends to regularly purchase the brand.A very recent example for this could be how American fashion designers are aiming their 'ultra-cool' designs at younger people and since the attacks in New York on September 11th, they have introduced a lot of red, white and blues into their garments as a mood of patriotism sweeps the nation and they want to associate their brands with this.

Lannon and Cooper said "what turns a product into a brand is that the physical product is combined with something else, - symbols, images, feelings, - to produce an idea which is more than a sum of the parts.The two product and symbolism live and grow with one another in a partnership of mutual exchanges."

Nowadays with so many varying brands and changes in marketing (which will be described later), consumers have a much greater choice on what brands to use but also more importantly through improved technology e.g. the internet, they can have a bigger say on the development of brands, companies and consumers have changed remarkably.

Goodyear believes that the Evolution of brand concepts and images occurred in six stages and he produced a model to illustrate this (Goodyear model 186).The model highlights possibilities for any brand over time.The first four models of the model represent the classic marketing approach to branding, whereas stages five and six are the post modern approach.However not all the brands go through all stages.A main aspect of the model is its focus on the need to change with consumers, and communication with them being vital.

The evolution of branding comes for several reasons e.g. the expertise of management, firms strategic goals and market target activities, activities of other companies, improving technology, greater affluence of customers leading greater sophistication.

Stage one of the Goodyear model is known as unbranded goods.This is generally not seen in the economically developed world.Here demands exceed supply so there is no great need for any selling effort.There are virtually no branded goods although customers maybe able to distinguish between different articles by a mark or signature left on any craft (e.g. pottery) and so could maybe recognise one being of a higher quality than the other by looking out for a signature.

Stage two is known as Brand as Reference here as time goes on competition forces management to try and differentiate their product and so they try to position it as having unique functional benefits.They generally try to attach a name in an attempt to try having their benefit and name linked together and being different or more desirable than other products."Brands are values in consumers minds" (Southgate14).Brands at this stage only differentiate on physical attributes, yet consumers start to use brand name on their image of brand.

Stage three is Brand on Personality. At this stage, differentiation on functional (physical) is more difficult.Marketers have to try and find personalities and lifelike characteristics for brands to try and make them different from others.Brands started to become living being or have personalities (Aaker 17).This enabled people to relate to them and they grew and evolved.'Guinness is strength' is a prime example of a life like characteristic being given to a brand.Today there are still some brands, which remain 'mechanistic' and do not apply personalities to their brands but according to Simon and Newll171 most brands need to differentiate themselves on more than just functional criteria.So over time the brand began to change from a dead to a living entity.This allowed consumers to merge with a brand whose personality they believed suited them or reflected theirs.Consumer's value of brands began to become a method of self-expression.Different classes and cultures began to use brands to identify themselves i.e. the wealthy drove Mercedes cars.However, goods may not be valued by different cultures, so values communicated by product and brand must be consistent within group and culture.Camel cigarettes introduced the character Joe camel to their advertising campaign and the effects were remarkable.Joe camel came across as 'young, hip, and super cool'.This encouraged many young Americans to either start smoking camel cigarettes or to switch from the brand that they did smoke to camel cigarettes, as they wanted to associate with this image.

Brand as an Icon is stage four.Here in Goodyear's model, the brand is 'owned by the consumer'.They have a vast knowledge on the brand and they use it to create a self-identity.Very often the brand becomes recognised as a physical symbol here.The brand is a strong enough to stand on its own in signifying values and people instantly recognise the symbol (generally worldwide).Good examples of these are the Nike swish and Calvin Klein's 'CK'.The more associations the brand symbol has, then the bigger the consumer network.People see football stars like Zedane wearing Adidas gear and they associate Adidas not only with a great player (Zedane), but also success as he is on the French soccer team who are the current World Cup Champions.

Stage five is Brand of Company.This is the first stage of postmodern marketing.Although before this people like Levitt (180) had recognised the idea of a brand as being an extended product around the actual product and it included name, pack, service, guarantee, and quality, which really helped differentiate it.With the new post-modern intellectual paradigm many new ideas developed in marketing.New 'softer' views using social sciences came about on marketing activities (e.g. Anderson 18).This moved away from the older owner orientated, classical views of the brand which were grounded in economies with its perspective on man as a rational being.In this brand as company stage the relationship between the consumer and the firm become more 'interactive'.

An example could be firms giving consumers more power to run their own affairs e.g. banks and ATM machines so people can have more control over their finances.This means that consumers can co produce as well as consume.Major improvements in technology have allowed communications at more levels between firm and consumer.People can now use the Internet to get in better contact with firms.Better communications has lead to people customising their own products e.g. cars or Levi jeans can now allow people to get a pair of jeans fitted for their exact personal measurements.People now have more options."In doing this they are tailoring the brand and its values to their individual needs."(McNally and DeChernatony).Firms make their brands as flexible as they can enter into partnership with consumers.With the more and diverse points of contact between company and consumer, more information is exchanged which benefits both company and consumer who interpret brand meaning.

Goodyear's final stage is Brand as Policy.This involves social, ethical and politic issues.Very few brands are in this stage as it can be quite a controversial one.This is a stage were needs are very sophicated (and so would be high up Manslow's pyramid).These brands are highly motivated and reflect strongly held values of consumers.The Body Shop is an example as it campaigns strongly against cruelty to animals and on environmental issues.Benetton also campaigns on a lot of present day social issues (e.g. aids).However, these brands may offend customers with their strong outright views.

Both stages five and six exemplify terminal values, which are the end states that most consumers went.Overall, the old branding doesn't suit the new high tech service specialised customer products.This is why branding has changed from narrow to broad, and from tactical to strategic.Now firms try to build on developing equity.They attempt to produce a product/service meeting peoples needs and at a fair price.

So in conclusion and to try and answer the question as to who effectively owns brands, I would have to say that brands certainly have changed an awful lot from being very much just product and owner orientated to a very much more consumer orientated thing.Goodyear believes that at stage four of his model "customers own brands".It is true to say that brands are there for customers and that as brands have evolved they definitely have become more and more custom made for customers.However firms still have a large stake in brands with people like Jack Welch (CE), very successfully managing brands for his firm.In conclusion, companies have moved from totally owing brands to now carefully and strategically aiming their brands at different customers thanks to a large input from customers because companies could not succeed without them.I believe at the minute there is a balance in the relationship.

Please note that this sample paper on do consumers effectively own brands and not companies? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on do consumers effectively own brands and not companies?, we are here to assist you.Your research papers on do consumers effectively own brands and not companies? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Musical as Synthetic Entertainment

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Jane Feuer, in her essay "The Self-Reflective Musical," writes that a prolific characteristic of the musical film genre is to create an illusion of enhanced entertainment by manipulation of three themes spontaneity, integration, and recognition of an audience. These themes all serve to naturalize individual musical performance and to involve the film's audience more closely with the plot and its characters. Singin' in the Rain (Stanley Donen and Gene Kelly, 15, USA), true to its genre, encompasses this artificial aura of entertainment, deceiving its audience into genuine concern for its characters. Key to the musicals power as a genre has been to embody American popular mythology. For example, by juxtaposing romantic relationships with the inherent energy and grace of song and dance, the musical illuminates courting with an almost magical quality. By celebrating common traits of the musical genre film, Kelly's most celebrated work turns entertainment into myth, convincing its viewers to laugh with its jokes and engage the film's plot points.

Spontaneity in the delivery of song serves to both hide the planning and technology applied to the performance and to emphasize emotion projected by films in the genre. Watching someone burst into energetic song and dance in a somewhat random manner projects an almost over-emphasized sense of emotion within a character, whether it be glee or melancholy. A good example of this phenomenon occurs in Gigi (Vincente Minelli, 158, USA).Watching Maurice Chevalier and Louis Jourdan quibble musically over the life that accompanies the Parisian aristocracy in "It's a Bore" helps to emphasize the seemingly never ending fun and excitement that Gaston refuses to recognize. Chevalier's message to Gaston is emphasized by the contrast between his spontaneous entry into song and the laid-back and fun-loving characteristics that he engenders in most of his films. Singin' in the Rain, similarly, uses sudden musical performances as a way of highlighting passion within the film. One of the standout musical solos in the picture is Cosmo Brown's Make em Laugh routine. Besides trying to give his friend Don Lockwood performance advice, he races quickly through clownish body gestures aimed at delivering chuckles to the audience. The climax of the number comes when he seems to defy gravity in dance. "We know that sequences like Donald OConnors neck-breaking Make Em Laugh number had to be painstakingly rehearsed, but it feels like it was made up on the spot." The song also gives Brown the opportunity to comment on the high and low art argument over film when he exclaims "Or you could study Shakespeare and be quite elite, and you charm the critics and have nothin to eat." Here, Brown's spontaneity clashes with the calculated and dry dialogue often seen in so-called "high-art" live theater productions. Spontaneity's technical aspect is explored in the contrast between "The Dancing Cavalier" and "The Dueling Cavalier" in the film. "The Dueling Cavalier," which was disliked by the intradiegetic test audience, is riddled with technological problems including being out of sync and Lina's inability to work with a microphone. "The Dancing Cavalier," on the other hand, was turned into a musical and cleaned up through editing for release. This juxtaposition acknowledges the technology and filmic devices that help to hide the work that goes into a film's production, one of which being spontaneity. The first film had very little excitement, which contributed to the audience judging the film solely on its poor construction and editing. When turned into a musical, these technological problems faded away as the intradiegetic audience was pulled in by the classic characteristics of the musical genre. "The musical, technically the most complex type of film produced in Hollywood, paradoxically has always been the genre which attempts to give the greatest illusion of spontaneity and effortlessness." In Singin' in the Rain, the differences between the two Lockwood and Lamont films illustrate this idea perfectly. By creating the first "Monumental Pictures" film to encompass characteristics of the musical genre, Lamont hides the technological difficulties of the first film and generates an over-exaggeration of passion from his character.

The on-screen recognition of a filmmaker of the audience viewing his film is another aspect of the musical that helps to exaggerate the notion of entertainment. The filmmaker can then manupulate his audience with cinematic devices meant to target viewers. Often this is done by contrasting an intradiegetic audience with the audience viewing the film itself. "While setting up an association between success and lack of audience manipulation, the musicals themselves exert continuous control over the responses of their audiences." In The Producers (Mel Brooks, 168, USA), during the first showing of the theatrical performance "Springtime for Hitler," the shock and extreme disapproval of the intradiegetic audience causes those watching the film to find inherent humor. The subject matter of the play is so audacious and is in such bad taste that it has an inherent humorous and ridiculous quality to it. The shock of the on-screen audience is a filmic device working to emphasize this humor. Singin' in the Rain, as is routine for the genre, is also very sensitive to how the film will affect its viewers. In the picture, during a screening of the first "talkie," the on-screen audience decides that combining audio and film was nothing more than a fad and would die out as the popularity of silent pictures would easily outshine the new technology. Obviously, the film's viewers will find this absurd, yet this contrast, between a modern audience and this simulated roaring twenties audience, creates an illusion of participation in the story. Similar illusions occur during the two screenings of "The Dancing Cavalier" and the "Dueling Cavalier." During the "Dueling Cavalier," the on-screen audience believes the film to be a comedy, laughing both at the technical inadequacy of the film and the screech of Lina's voice. As they walk out, some exclaim it to be "the worst picture I've ever seen." Their disapproval causes the extradiegetic audience to feel sympathy, not so much for Lina as she is portrayed in the film as a pest, but for Don as they obviously want to see a happy ending for the film's icon Gene Kelly. The film's climax occurs with the approval of the on-screen audience of "The Dancing Cavalier," a musical where Lina lipsyncs her songs to Kathy's actual voice. When Don reveals to the intradiegetic audience that Kathy was the actual singer, the film's viewers are meant to feel relieved that the story will end with the demise of Lina's career and new found happiness between Don and Kathy. The on-screen audience again is used as a tool to exaggerate feelings of joy stemming from the happy ending.

Integration between success on the stage and success in the personal life of a character is another filmic tool used to exaggerate entertainment. "The self-reflective musical asserts the integrative effect of musical performance. Successful performances are intimately bound up with success in love, with the integration of the individual into a community or a group..." In The Band Wagon (Vincente Minelli, 151, USA), when Gabrielle sings "New Sun in the Sky" during the premier of the new show, its contrasts greatly with the earlier backstage performance seen in the film. The song, with gold and red plastered all over the screen and enthusiastic song coming from the chorus, is joyous as Gabrielle, with the chorus framed in the background, goes on to express amorous feelings for Fred Astaire's character, Tony, at the end of the picture. The earlier seen backstage performance is much more drab and soulless, as Tony and Gabby were not getting along at this point in the plot. "You and the Night and the Music," performed in the rehearsal, functions to reinforce the idea that high art is inaccessible to the audience and therefore inappropriate for a Broadway show. This contrast between these two musical performances helps to emphasize where the characters are in their private lives. Singin' in the Rain uses this type of contrast from the film's very opening. Lina Lamont is not allowed to speak at all during the premier in the opening scene as the studio fears that her exceeding annoying voice will embarrass it. She constantly asks the head of the studio if he thinks that she is "stupid or something." At the same time, she believes her own publicity journalists who say that she romantically involved with Don Lockwood, while Kelly's character constantly rejects and berates her. The difficulties that Lina experiences throughout the film in both her professional and private lives foreshadow her eventual downfall and embarrassment after the screening of "The Dancing Cavalier." The myth of integration is further explored in the film with Debbie Reynolds' character, Kathy Selden. After Kelly and Reynolds' perform "You Were Meant for Me," where they reveal their mutual love for each other, Selden's professional career takes off. Her close relationship to Lockwood lands her work at Monumental Pictures where she eventually sings in Lina's place in "The Dancing Cavalier." Just as Lina's poor performance outlines her eventual downfall, Kathy's harmonious musical productions foreshadow her gradual professional success. By combining these two aspects of the lives of the characters, the filmmaker manipulates the extradiegetic audience into more appreciation for the musical performances in his film.

One of the fascinating aspects of the three themes explored by these musicals is that each serves to make the film more self-reflective on the genre traits it displays. By being aware of its own audience, musicals reflect on the differences between theatrical high-art and its own classification as popular art. Acknowledging an audience allows the film to proceed as if it were a theatrical production rather than a film. The integration of personal and professional life is self-reflective on how musicals sometimes distort the difference between the joy in song and true happiness. By integrating them, filmmakers further this distortion and involve the viewer more with a film's musical productions and its characters. Spontaneity is reflective on the unrealistic quality of song in dance in a cinematic plot. By bursting into song, rather than having it placed in a theatrical production or rehearsal, this unrealistic quality is further expanded. Moreover, each theme celebrates a characteristic of the musical genre rather than attempting to cover it up, further contributing to the sheer joy that musicals attempt to engender.

Please note that this sample paper on The Musical as Synthetic Entertainment is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Musical as Synthetic Entertainment, we are here to assist you.Your college papers on The Musical as Synthetic Entertainment will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Locke labor theory

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8-6-0

Why Fantasy Baseball is played this way in Rotossorie leagues

Fantasy baseball is a game that you play with stats and numbers that are counted during the Majorleague baseball season. You draft players from the real Major League Baseball and you try to predict what type of season they will have, usually they are pretty consisted players, but sometimes they have a breakout season and do really good or get injured or their production drops off. The person with the most Point in the League wins. The draw for a person to get into Fantasy sports are usually that they are fans of the sport and want to get closer to the sport by playing is this game because it doesn't take huge muscles a great swing or 5 mph fastball to play, just your won intuition. Also there is the thrill of owning your own make believe sports franchise and managing it. Questions on how you would deal with injurys and trading a player that you may feel be essential for your team, but the team you root for may not think so. You can change that not in reality but in your own fantasy with this game. You can find these games online in yahoo sports fantasy, or www.cbssportsline.com or www.sandbox.com and www.espn.com, they have played these games for decades before the internet came with a pad and paper now it is made easier for you online.

Rotisserie which is a league with categories and the better you do in those categories, the more points you get and one with the highest points wins the league. Most commons categories for points are runs, Rbi's, homeruns, average, stolen bases for batters.Wins, strikeouts, saves, holds, ERA, and Whip ( walks, hits innings pitched). You get a certain amount of stats in those categories for the season with the players you acquire. Pertaining to the number of teams in the league you get more points for the more stats you have in a category. For example if you have 1 teams and you are 1st in homeruns and last in average. You would 1 points for the homerun category and 1 point for the average category.The most points of all the teams wins the league. I have been participating in a keeper league, which is a private league where managers are gathered privately by the commissioner of the league and you get an invite to the league.

The key to the league in to have a good draft the first year. There is talent in the draft that will be untouched . So drafting smart the first year to get a monopoly of all the top talent. The key winning the league by far is getting cornerstones for you team as in elite players. I like to look at the fantasy baseball site at www.sportingnews.com and look at the top 0 baseball players and use them as my elite players. Normally a team only has 1- elite players however your goal is to get -4 cornerstones, so your team is already has the edged on other teams. An important facet of the draft is too have a plan for your roster and rotisserie points placement. You need figure out what are going to be your strengths and weakness of your roster are you going to draft power hitters and rare position players( usually B, B, SS, C). Before you start the draft you need to get a draft card before you can think strategy. What is a draft card you ask? A draft card can be anything slip or piece or paper that has all of your league positions and backups or bench. Positions normally are Catcher, 1st baseman, nd baseman, shortstop, rd basemen and outfield spots and a Utility that can be any position you want usually make out the offense. Two Starting pitchers, relief pitchers which can be closer for saves or holds and pitchers that can be relief or pitching whatever you prefer. You need to figure out who you are going to draft first then put his name in the position to know who you don't have to draft and what position are needed to draft in later rounds. You can have many drafting strategies, whether your drafting Starting pitchers and one dominant closer and pickup a closer and setup pitchers in later rounds. Your plans can very to drafting nothing but power, and going for best value or the highest rank position regardless of you need hoping you can trade for the players you need the excess talent you acquired or go with filling rare positions and filling your roster with lower graded talent at the more common positions. Regardless what strategy you decide You need to have a draft card plan on players you want to draft and of you possible next best choices at all positions. Or you will end up drafting a player who you do not need and may end up dropping them after the draft. There maybe another player that is not picked that has a lot higher value and gives you better stats for your categories. Near the end of the draft, players are taken to be used to support your team. Support players are usually need to fill gaps in you points total if you need a strong need in Stolen base's or saves you would draft a player that only helps you in Sb's and give you no help in the other categories or may hurt you in average.

Using the waiver wire to fill out positions that you may have missed in the draft or getting a star that someone dropped that is on a cold streak, who is doing poorly For a stretch. Stars usually turns it around sooner or later to get on a hot streak where the player is playing amazing and above how you normally plays to even out the cold streak. You can also use the waiver wire to fill out you bench or get a player who was not on anyone draft card but all of a sudden had a breakout season and started to play well. Rookies can also be picked up on the waiver wire who may end up sticking with the team and be a good player in the future.

Trading players is an important facet for fantasy baseball. You need to trade to get an upgrade for your team and help making you team. Usually you trade excess players or a player you have that you are already strong in a category to get a player with points that will help you in a weaker category. Trade a player that is on a hot streak or is playing above his ability to get the best value. IT is sort of like being a stock broker you got to know when to sell high and buy low, but you also know when to keep the blue chip stocks like the elite players because if they are not playing well know they will soon get on a hot streak because everything will even out at the end of the season, they didn't become elite players only not play up to their potential, so don't persuaded into giving up on of your blue chips for a player riding a hot streak. One important thing to remember when trading in many league there is a cutoff date when you can't trade anymore. It is usually August 6 of every year, to prevent dumping. Dumping is when people who own their team trade all their great players away for other players who are not as good or their value of the players are not even close to being even when they are not in the race for 1st anymore This is throws the league out of balance and can be considered cheating if you give all your great players away for a not so great player to a person you like in the league or a friend.

These are all tools that will help you compete and get started in fantasy baseball to help you learn how to play and where you can get access to play. Fantasy baseball can be as fun as you let it be just let your imagination be the guide and fantasy for the sport led the way. Please note that this sample paper on locke labor theory is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on locke labor theory, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on locke labor theory will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Utilitarianism, by mill

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According to John Stuart Mill, Utilitarism has one end and that end is happiness, or at least, diminuishing the suffering. Mill explains that the theory of utility is not something to be contradistinguished from pleasure but that it is pleasure itself, together with the exemption from pain. There is a distinctive creed in the theory of Utility called the Greatest Happiness Principle that holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of hapiness. When Mill talks about happiness he means pleasure and the absence of pain. By unhappiness he means pain and the privation of pleasure.

In Utillitarianism by John Stuart Mill we can recognise that the pleasures that conform happiness are classified in different categories.Some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others. Mill expresses that for this classification what should be taken more into consideration is quality and not quantity. Mill holds that every human being would search for the highest level of satisfaction they can get because no one will have the consent of feeling satisfied with something inferior to them "no intelligent human being would consent to be a fool, no instucted peson would be an ignoamous, no person of feeling and conscience would be selfish and base, even thoughthy shound be persuaded that the fool, the dunce, or the rascal is better satisfied with his lot than they are with theirs". Thus, a human being of higher faculties will need more to reach happiness than a man with little intelligence. Even though a being of higher faculties requires more to be happy and is probably more capable of more acute suffering, this being can never really wish to sink in a lower grade of existence.The reason for this behaviour is dignity.

A human being of higher faculties will not envy the being who is indeed unconscious of the imperfections of the world "It is better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfied." Nonetheless, many who are capable of higher pleasures sometimes choose, under the influence of temptation, a lower pleasure instead. But this is quite compatible with a full apreciation of the intrinsic superiority of the higher. Mill believes that men often make their election to the nearer good, though they know it to be less valuable.Further more, it could also happen that those who begin with youthful enthusiasm for everything noble, as they advance in years sink into indolence and selfishness. Mill doesn't believe that those who go through this change voluntarily choose the lower description of pleasures in perference to the higher. Mill considers that befoe they devote themselves exclusively to one, they have already become incapable of the other. Capacity fo the nobler feelings is in most natures something very easy to kill and in the majority of young persons it speedily dies away if the occupations they have had in life and the society into which it has thown them, are not favourable to keeping that higher capacity in exercise. Thus, men lose their high aspirations as they lose intellectual tastes, because they haven't time or opportunity for indulging them; and they addict themselves to inferior pleasures, not because they deliberately prefer them, but because they are either the only ones to which they have access, or the only ones which they are any longer capable of enjoying.

The Utilitarian standard for Happiness is not the agent's own greatest happiness but the greatest amount of happiness altogether.According to the Greatest Happiness Principle, the ultimate end is an existence exempt as far as possible from pain, and as rich as possible in enjoyments, both in point of quantity and quality; the test of quality, and the rule for measuring it against quantity, being the preference felt by those who in their opportunity of experience, to which must be added their habits of self-counsciuosness and self-observation, are best furnished with the means of comparison. This, being according to the utilitarian opinion, the end of human action, is necessarily also the standard of morality.

Utility includes not solely the pursuit of happiness, but the pevention or mitigation of unhappiness as well. When, however, it is positively asserted to be impossible that human life should be happy, the assertion, if not something like a verbal quibble (equivocate, untruth, trifle), is at least an exxageration. If by happiness we mean a continuity of highly pleasuable excitement, it is evident enough that this is impossible. The happiness that is meant is not a life of rapture (ecstasy); but moments of such, in an existance made up of a few and transitoy pains, many and various pleasures, with a decided predominanceof the active over the passive, and having the foundation of the whole, not to expect more from life than it is capable of bestowing. A life thus composed,, to those who have been fortunate enough to obtain it, has appeared worthy of the name of happiness.

The objectors perhaps may doubt whether human beings, if taught to consider happiness as the end of life, would be satisfied with such a moderate share of it. But great numbers of mankind have been satisfied with much less. The main constituents of a satisfied life appeared to be two tranquility and excitement. With much tranquility, many find that they can be content with very little pleasure with much excitement, many can reconcile themselves to a considerable quantity of pain. There is no inherent impossibility in enabling even the mass of mankind to unite both; since the two are so far from being incompatible that they are in natural alliance. It is only in those whom indolence amounts a vice, that do not desire excitement after an interval of repose it is only those in whom the need of excitement is a disease, that feels the tranquility which follows the excitement dull and insipid, instead of pleasurable in direct proportion to the excitement that preceeded it. When people who are tolerably fortunate in their outward lot don't find in life enough enjoymentto make it valuable to them, the cause generally is, caring for nobody but themselves. Next to selfishness, the principal cause which makes life unsatisfactory is want of mental cultivation. A cultivated mind finds sources of inexhaustible interest in all that surrounds it (in the objects of nature, art, poetry, history, etc.). It is possible to become indifferent to all this, and that too without having exhausted a thousandth part of it; but only when one has from the beginning no moral or human interest in these things, and has sought in them only the gratification of curiosity.

Mill explains that genuine pivate affections and a sincere interest in the public good are possible, though in inequal degrees, to every rightly brought up human being. In a world in which there is so much interest, so much to enjoy, and so much also to correct and improve, every one who has this moderate amount of moral and intellectual requisites is capable of an existence which may be called enviable.

As for vicissitudes of fortune, and other dissapointments connected with worldly circumstances, these are principally the effect either of gross imprudence, of ill-regulated desires, or of bad or imperfect social institutions. All the grand sources of human suffering are in a great degree, many of them almost entirely, conquerable by human care and effort; and though their removal is grievously slow yet every mind sufficiently intelligent and generous to bear a part, however small and unconspicous, in the endeavour, will draw a noble enjoyment from the contest itself, which he would not for any bribe in the for of selfish indulgence consent to be without.

As rewards sacrificing one's own happiness in order to increase the amount of happiness in the world, Mill admires this action profoudly nonetheless clarifying that this would be an inspiring proof of what men can do, but assuredly not an example of what they should. The utilitarian morality does recognize in human beings the power of sacrificing their own greatest for the good of the others. It only refuses to accept that the sacrifice is itself a good. A sacifice which does not increase, the sum total of happiness, it is consider as a waste. The only self renounciation which applauds, is devotion to the happiness, or to some of the means of happiness, of others. The happiness which forms an utilitarian standard of what is right in conduct is not the agent's own happiness, but that of all concerned. As between his own happiness and that of the others, utilitarianism requires him to be as impartial as a desinterested and benevolent spectator. To do as you would be done and to love your beighbour as yourself, constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality. As to the means of making the nearest approach to this ideal, utility would enjoin first, that laws and social arrangements should place the happiness of every individual as possible in harmony with the interest of the whole; and secondly, that education and opinion which have so vast a power over human character, should so use that power as to establish in the mind of every individual an indissoluble association between his own happiness and the good for the whole.

Objectors of utilitarism believe that the standars is to high for humanity, that it is exacting too much to require that people shall always act from the inducement of promoting the general interest of society. Mill answers that they've mistaken the meaning of a standard of morals and that they confound the rule of action with the motive of it. It is the business of ethics to tell us what are our duties, or by what test we may know them; but no system of ethics requires that the sole motive of all we do shall be a feeling of duty. The great majority of good actions are intended not for the benefit of the world, but for that of individuals, of which the good of the world is made up; and the thoughts of the most virtous man need not on these ocassions travel beyond the particular persons concerned, except so far as necessary to assure himself that in benefiting them he is not violating the rights of any one else. The multiplication of happiness is, according to the utilitarian ethics, the object of virtue.

Utilitarianism has also received the critique of being a Godless doctrine. Mill believes that for this accusation we should pay more attention to what meaning we give to God. If God desires, above all things, the happiness of Its creatures, Utility is not a Godless doctrine, but more profoundly religious than any other.

Utilitarianism is along with ethical egoism, the main consequentialist theory. These two theories are based on creating good and believe that human beings ought to behave in ways that will bring about good consequences. However, they disagree on who should benefit from those consequences. Ethical egoism believes one should act based on one's own self-interest while Utilitarism, as we've read, believes one should act in the interest of all concerned.

Comparing Utilitarism (a consequentialist theory) with the non-consequentialist theories, we find that the main differences are that the non-consequentialist theories give more importance to the duty and the motives. Instead of taking into account the consequences, one must give importance to the motives.

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Coming of Age in Mississippi

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"Coming of Age"

Anne Moody, an innocent victim of discrimination, injustice, and violence, establishes her position in a racially torn society by becoming an activist in the Civil Rights Movement.Anne's triumphs and tribulations take her from a sharecropper's shack to Tugaloo College in Jackson, Mississippi, and, finally, to Washington, D.C. where she will testify about the racial discrimination and injustice in the South. Anne Moody is destined to become an activist in the Movement after witnessing and experiencing the horrific inequity of the times.By the time Anne was fifteen-years-old she hated everyone "whites who were responsible for the countless murders" and Negroes for "not standing up and doing something about the murders." (1) This hatred inspired Anne to take an active role; not doing so would have been the most cowardly act of all.

Anne's awareness of social injustice is triggered when Emmett Till, a 14-year old African-American boy, is lynched by a white mob for whistling at a white woman.She learns about the "guild" from Mrs. Burke who blatantly demonstrates her feelings regarding Negroes inferiority and personally suffers as her schoolmate, Jerry, is severely beaten; the Taplin's house is deliberately set on fire; her cousin, Benty, is run out of town; Reverend Dupree and his family are run out of Woodville for mentioning the NAACP in his sermon; and Samuel O'Quinn, an NAACP member, is shot and killed.Despite the fact that she was putting her life and her family's life in jeopardy, Anne believed she had no other choice and became an active participant in the Movement.Anne had "come of age" she would no longer passively acquiesce to the demands of a prejudiced society.

Tugaloo College represents a significant turning point in Anne's life.After joining the local NAACP chapter, Anne becomes so involved in demonstrations, voter registration, sit-ins, CORE, and the SNCC, her focus is primarily generated by her desire to "make right" by her community.Her strength inspired her to face threats of violence, arrests, abuse, blacklisting by the Ku Klux Klan, and fear that her family would suffer as a result of her involvement.Nothing could deter Anne from pursuing this mission; she was determined to bring the situation to the forefront of society in spite of the odds against her. When Medgar Evers is murdered, Moody rallies to get students at Jackson State College to join the protest march, but she is appalled by their ability to "just sit by and take all this shit without any emotions at all." (77) The tension continued to escalate after Ever's death and fear of "white power" was more powerful than the urge to fight for the cause. As Anne's spirit diminished, Reverend King's integrated church visit offered a glimmer of hope when Anne and her friends were not only admitted to the Episcopal "white" church, but also invited back.The violence continued, but Moody relentlessly fought for her cause, moving to Canton, Mississippi to work with CORE. Once again she faced adversity and despair in a community where five teens were shot, as well as a pregnant Negro women.Her strength was stripped away as she was tested at every turn.Anne participated in the Washington, D.C. march, hearing the words of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s infamous "I Have a Dream" speech, but she could not relate to such dreams.The people of Canton "never had time to sleep, much less dream." (07) The Birmingham church bombing, blacklisting by the Klan, the assassination of JFK, the "terror killings" in Woodville, McKinley and Reverend King's beatings were the culmination of Anne's worst nightmares.Her faith in God dwindled along with her belief that nonviolence was the "right way." Moody's journey from childhood to adulthood demonstrates her insatiable courage to fight for the pride of Negroes despite frightening odds against her.The determined young woman who had survived arrests, beatings, and violent murders had her heart torn out and by the end she was simply left "wondering" about the true fate of African-Americans in an unjust society.

Please note that this sample paper on Coming of Age in Mississippi is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Coming of Age in Mississippi, we are here to assist you.Your college papers on Coming of Age in Mississippi will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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What should we do with marijuana

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What should we do about marijuana?

This proposal argues that at least fifty billion dollars a year of taxpayers money is spent on a never ending war that we are losing. The war I am referring to is the war on drugs. The war on drugs is mainly directed at marijuana a less dangerous drug than common legal drugs such as alcohol and tobacco. Not only is marijuana a less dangerous drug than alcohol and tobacco but also has many medical uses. I propose we stop wasting billions of taxpayer dollars on its futile attempt to stamp out pot-puffing, an effort that is following the doomed trajectory of Prohibitions attempt to erase alcohol. Why should we throw thousands of Americans in jail for using a substance that is less hurtful than legal substances? Think of all the beds in all the prisons that are filled with non-violent marijuana offenders, we could use that space to lock up real criminals. Marijuana, when we first hear this word we think of it being illegal and the drug prohibition. Well, thats not how it should be. In fact many wise men are against prohibition and I quote, A Prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles upon which our government was founded, Abraham Lincoln, 1840. Also Albert Einstein who Time declared Man of the Century said this about prohibition, For nothing is more destructive of respect for the government and the law of the land than passing laws which cannot be enforced. I believe we should legalize marijuana because of the simple facts

Solomon

alcohol is proven much worse but still legal, the money that the government would be making instead of spending, and having many important medical uses.

One reason that marijuana should be a legal controlled substance would be for its medical effects. Fourteen percent of all blindness is a result from glaucoma, which is a progressive, lost of vision. Cannabis smoking would benefit ninety percent of glaucoma patients and is two to three times as effective as any current medicines. Furthermore, cannabis use has no toxic side effects to the liver and kidneys, nor is there any danger of the occasional sudden death syndromes associated with legal pharmaceutical glaucoma drugs. Also lung cancer can be helped by cannabis use. Marijuana smoke effectively dilates the airways of the lungs; the bronchi, and opens them to allow more oxygen into the lungs. Accordingly it is the best natural dilator for the airways of the lungs; the bronchial tubes, making cannabis the best overall bronchial dilator for eighty percent of the population. These are two of the many helpful medical effects of marijuana use. Independent studies have shown that marijuana relieves the pain and suffering of patients with serious illnesses such as cancer, AIDS, HIV, and glaucoma. Components of the marijuana plant reduce patient suffering by relieving nausea and enhancing appetite. Since marijuana has medical benefits, physicians should be able to legally recommend, and patients should be able to legally use, marijuana for medical purposes. But the reason why we can not just make it legal for medical purposes is because it would just cause more problems in society.For an example, in states like California where marijuana is legal for medical purposes there is no quality control or testing standards for marijuana, and no control over strength, dosage, or frequency of use, such as those required for other

Solomon

medicinal drugs. In addition Californias amendment does not provide a precise description of what qualifies as a serious illness, anyone with chronic or severe pain may be immune from prosecution for marijuana possession and use. The workload of state law enforcement officials will increase because they will be required to check the state registry every time an individual is arrested for marijuana possession or use.

A second reason to legalize marijuana is that the government can benefit in more ways then just saving taxpayers money. America is currently in $6,460,674,00,486.67 of debt and continues to put us in greater debt by wasting billions on a war that hasnt even improved the situation let alone solve any problems. What the government should do is legalize marijuana and have corporations produce it and sell it. Then the government could force the corporations into needing Food and Drug Administration approval, which the government could then tax as they do tobacco and alcohol. Besides, with the Food and Drug Administration supervising production it would guarantee that you are smoking one hundred percent marijuana where as buying it off John Doe on the street corner with who knows what all could be in it. Furthermore think of all of the thousands of our young people that end up dead or locked up in our ever expanding prison system. As Dr. Ethan A. Nadelmann, an assistant professor at Princeton University said, The nations war on drugs has been a costly exercise in futility, filling the nations prisons with low level criminals while keeping drug costs and profits high. In short, America spends billions of taxpayers money per year arresting, prosecuting and imprisoning marijuana offenders not counting the ridiculous truth commercials instead of making billions off taxation.

Solomon 4

Equally important is the fact that marijuana is less damaging then the legal drug alcohol. Alcohol is not only damaging to the person who abuses it, but it hurts people they do not even know by driving drunk, and even worse of all their families and friends. Abusing alcohol leads to many digestive-system disorders such as ulcers, inflammation of the pancreas and cirrhosis of the liver. It also causes psychological and interpersonal problems, including impaired thinking and judgment, changes in mood and behavior, marital problems, child abuse, impaired social relationships, scholastic problems, job problems, legal problems, and financial problems. Moreover it can cause damage to unborn children including birth defects, mental retardation, learning problems and fetal alcohol syndrome even from just moderate drinking. People who use alcohol affect people they do not know by driving drunk which roughly 1. million people are arrested for each year. As a result of the drunk drivers, twenty-five thousands deaths occur each year. More sixteen to twenty-four year olds are killed as a result of drunk driving or are involved in accidents where someone is driving drunk than any other age group in the nation.Similarly studies show that in all the assaults, rapes, and murders thirty to sixty percent of these cases involved alcohol.Alcohol has the most affect on the family. Many alcoholics do not believe this because they think what they do has no affect on their family and friends. But often times the amount of stress put on the spouse, children, parents, and friends of an alcoholic can be worse than what the alcoholic thinks. New research has begun to show, that if someones parent or grandparent is an alcoholic they have a greater chance of becoming one also. Children who have had alcoholic parents often act impulsively, lie, and seek approval and attention from others. These children

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often have a hard time finding what is normal and what is not because of the unpredictable environment they were raised in. Marijuana on the other hand has never been a cause of death and there has never been an overdose problem. But that is not to say that the use of marijuana is inherently good for you either. Short term effects include increased heart rate/pulse, reduces short term memory, alters sense of time, reduces ability to concentrate, and lengthens reaction time. Although there is short term effects the casual smoker upon quitting will return to normal so to speak once the THC (chemical in marijuana) has left the body. The long term effects consist of mouth cancer, throat cancer (all of which you can get from tobacco), increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and damages the nerve cells in the part of the brain where memories are formed. Above all I have yet to learn of any reason why a responsible adult after giving the facts could not choose for himself.Especially if under Food and Drug Administration supervision where they could study marijuana and make it less harmful as done with tobacco.

In conclusion, there is no good reason to keep marijuana illegal. The reasons for legalizing the drug are many. Legalization would provide government with control instead of drug cartels. Marijuana is less harmful and less addictive than other already legal drugs such as alcohol. The war on drugs is a war the United States is still loosing. The current policies that keep marijuana illegal must be changed so that the United States can take control of the existing marijuana problems. It is obvious that the current system for controlling the use of marijuana is not effective. Many people believe that new legislation would increase the drugs use as well as its availability to addicts. Legalization

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should not be taken to mean a lawless free-for-all with no restraint on the supply or use of the drug. Done properly it would allow government to take control of the distribution and quality of the substance away from criminals. Supply would be regulated by a system of government licenses analogous to those already in force for tobacco and alcohol, which would serve, among other things, to keep drugs out of the hands of children, backed by strict policing and heavy penalties. Accordingly no one has ever died from a marijuana overdose. So is it completely harmless? No, but a regulated market would minimize any harms that do occur. Legalization would bring laws concerning the appropriate use of marijuana. We have tried prohibition once already; it leads to a criminal underworld, unsafe products and disrespect for the law. Was prohibition repealed because alcohol was found harmless? No, it was repealed because its use was found less corrosive to society than its prohibition. Marijuanas greatest harm to an individual is the penalties that come with its illegal status. The decision to use it should fall under the realm of personal choice and responsibility. Its past time to reevaluate the outdated policies and extreme monetary waste that goes into criminalizing a plant and its users.

Colorado General Assembly. Medical Use of Marijuana. 18.

http//www.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/lcsstaff/ballot/analy-1.htm. March 15,

00.

Cote, Sandra. Legalize Marijuana. January 1, 00. http//www.e-thepeople.org/a-

mailtribune/petition/447/view. March 1, 00.

Dawson, James. War Stories. http//www.jeffandtracy.com/cgi-

bin/Zope.cgi/jeffandtracy/warstories/warstories/jamesdawson_html. March 15,

00.

Drug Policy Reform Proposals. 00.

http//www.improvenewmexico.org/pdfs/00DrugPolicy.pdf. March 15, 00.

Gazette, Charleston. Legalize Pot. Time 8 Nov. 00 11-14.

Gieringer, Dale. Economics of Cannabis Legalization. October 1.

http//www.canorml.org/background/mjeconomics.html. March 1, 00.

Questions and Soundbites. http//www.taima.org/drugfacts/sound.htm. March 1, 00.

Questions for Our Leaders. 18. http//www.mapinc.org/questions.htm. March,

00.

SAMHSAs National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. Alcohol and

Marijuana A Point by Point Comparison.

http//www.forreal.org/textversion/know/alvsmj.htm. March 15, 00.

Stein, Joel. The New Politics of Pot. Time 4 Nov. 00 4-1.Please note that this sample paper on What should we do with marijuana is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on What should we do with marijuana, we are here to assist you.Your research papers on What should we do with marijuana will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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European Enlargement

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THE EUROPEAN ENLARGMET

Page

Index

Introduction to the European enlargement

Criteria for become a member of the UE.

The public opinion of the UE citizens 4

The negotiations between the EU and candidates5

What are the negotiations about?6

How do the negotiations proceed?6

Witch are the benefits?7

The possible economic benefits8

The costs of a non-enlargement8

Conclusion

Bibliography10

-Introduction to the European enlargement

Enlargement has become one of the most important opportunities for the European Union at the beginning of the 1st century. It is a unique, historic task to further the integration of the continent by peaceful means, extending a zone of stability and prosperity to all the new members.

In March 18 the European Union formally launched the process that will make enlargement possible and it revealed the following applicant countries

Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Turkey

The EU should look back on a history of successful enlargements. The Treaties of Paris (151), establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and Rome (157), establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and EURATOM, were signed by six founding members Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Years after the union, the EU then create 4 new enlargements

17Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom

181Greece

186Portugal and Spain

15Austria, Finland and Sweden

However, the enlargement facing the EU today poses a unique challenge, since it is without precedent in terms of scope and diversity the number of candidates, the area (increase of 4%) and population (increase of 105 million), the wealth of different histories and cultures.

Third countries will significantly benefit from an enlarged Union. A single set of trade rules, a single tariff, and a single set of administrative procedures will apply not only just across the existing Member States but across the Single Market of the enlarged Union. This will simplify dealings for third-country operators within Europe and improve conditions for investment and trade.

-Criteria for become a member of the UE

After successfully growing from 6 to 15 members, the European Union is now preparing for its biggest enlargement ever in terms of scope and diversity.

These countries, with a wealth of different histories and cultures, have been preparing for membership for more than a decade. To be able join the Union, they need to achieve the economic and political conditions known as the 'Copenhagen criteria', according to which a prospective member must

•Be a stable democracy, respecting human rights, the rule of law, and the protection of minorities

•A functioning market economy, and the capacity to cope with competitive pressures

•The ability to take on the obligations of membership (in other words, to apply effectively the EU's common rules, standards and policies).

Therefore the future members need to achieve all the criteria to acquire the status of membership, and the Union needs to prepare itself adequately to receive the new members.

The Union itself must prepare for the arrival of new members by

•making the institutional changes necessary for enlargement that means ratifying the Treaty of Nice; meanwhile, the applicant countries are already participating in the ongoing debate on the future of Europe.

•providing the budgetary means that has already been done, with the European Council's decisions in Berlin

Finally, agreement must be found in the accession negotiations on terms which

•safeguard the basic rules and policies of the Union

•provide adequate flexibility for transitional periods in areas where the application of the rules could pose economic or social problems, for old or new members

The EU assists these countries in taking on the EU laws, and provides a range of financial assistance to improve their infrastructure and economy.

Negotiations for membership are under way with 1 of the applicant countries (not yet with Turkey, which does not yet meet the political conditions).On th October 00, the Commission recommended to close negotiations with Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia.

The objective is that the first group of new members should join the EU in time for the elections to the European Parliament scheduled for June 004.

The public opinion of the UE citizens

The state of public opinion, in both the current and future member states of the EU is clearly a key factor in the communication strategy on enlargement. The communication strategy is designed to be responsive to the needs of the general public, and it is therefore important that the Commission be aware of the level of knowledge and of the key concerns of Europes citizens.

The Commission monitors the state of public opinion in the member states on a number of issues via its EuroBarometer surveys. In addition, the first annual EuroBarometer survey was carried out in thirteen candidate countries in autumn 001. A further one has been carried out in September 00.

Thanks to its coherent approach across all the countries, the Eurobarometer remains the Commissions main source of information.

Regular surveys are carried out in most candidate countries. When the results are aggregated, and taking into account the possible differences in methodology, the results can indicate certain trends and allow comparisons.

The advantages need to be better explained, and problems and anxieties on both sides must be addressed and resolved, if enlargement is to have popular support.

The latest Eurobarometer surveys of public opinion show that

•in the 1 applicant countries there is overall support for the EU 65% say they would vote yes in a referendum on membership.

•in the 15 member states there has been a marked increase in support for enlargement 51% of EU citizens support it, while 0% are against

•people in general still feel under-informed about the EU and the enlargement process

-The negotiations between the EU and candidates

The official negotiation started as follows although the countries have been many years preparing

•On 1 March 18, the accession negotiations were started with six applicant countries Hungary, Poland, Estonia, Czech Republic, Slovenia and Cyprus.

•On 1 October 1, the Commission recommended to the Member States to open negotiations with Romania, the Slovak Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria and Malta.

•On th October 00, the Commission recommended to close negotiatoins with Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia

The 15 Member States are the parties to the accession negotiations. The Presidency of the Council of Ministers, which rotates among the member states every six months, is actually Mr. Günter Verheugen (Enlargement Commissioner), presents the negotiating positions agreed by the Council and chairs negotiating sessions at the level of ministers.

Each applicant country draws up its position on each of the 1 chapters of the EU acquis, to engage in negotiations. Each applicant has appointed a Chief Negotiator, with a supporting team of experts.

The European Commission proposes the draft negotiating positions. The Commission is in close contact with the applicant countries in order to seek solutions to problems arising during the negotiations. Within the Commission, the work is coordinated by the Directorate General for Enlargement.

The General Secretariat of the Council and the applicant countries provide the secretariat for the negotiations. The European Parliament is kept informed of the progress of the negotiations and gives its assent to the resulting accession treaties. Each Member State will need to ratify the treaties of accession. In most cases this requires an act of Parliament. The debates on ratification will provide an opportunity for representatives of the people in each member state to express their view on enlargement.

In some countries a referendum may also be called on final approval of the accession treaties.

-What are the negotiations about?

The negotiations determine the conditions under which each applicant country will join the European Union. When joining the Union, the applicants are expected to accept the basis, that is, the detailed laws and rules adopted on the basis of the EUs founding treaties, mainly the treaties of Rome, Maastricht and Amsterdam.

The negotiations focus on the terms under which the applicants will adopt, implement and enforce the all the rules, and, of course all the possible transitional arrangements which must be limited in scope and duration. Under similar arrangements in previous accession negotiations, new Member States have been able to phase in their compliance with certain laws and rules by a date agreed during the negotiations.

-How do the negotiations proceed?

The European Council decided in the city of Luxembourg in December 17 that the enlargement process should follow these sequence

•The European Conference a multilateral framework bringing together ten central European countries, Cyprus and Turkey, which was launched on 1 March 18

•The accession process covering ten central European countries and Cyprus, which was launched on 0 March 18

•The accession negotiations which the European Council decided to open on 1 March 18 with six countries, as recommended by the European Commission Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia.

The negotiations with each applicant proceed on their own merits. The develop of each negotiation will depend on the degree of preparation by each applicant country and the complexity of the issues to be resolved. For this reason, it is not possible to estimate the likely length of each negotiation in advance.

The Commission proposes common negotiating positions for the EU for each chapter relating to matters of Community competence.

Negotiating positions are approved unanimously by the Council. The results of the negotiations are incorporated in an accession treaty. Then it is submitted to the Council for approval and to the European Parliament for assent. After signature, the accession treaty will pass to the member states and to the applicant country for ratification involving, in some cases, referendum. It takes effect, and the applicant becomes a member state, on the date of accession.

In order to help the countries that have applied to become members of the European Union to carry out the reforms required, the Union is providing financial assistance in different areas. As far as the candidates from central and eastern Europe are concerned, these include institutional building measures through the 'Phare' programe; environment and transport investment support under the 'ISPA' programe; and agricultural and rural development support by means of the 'SAPARD' programe.

-Witch are the benefits?

The benefits of enlarging the Union to include these countries are political, economic, and cultural

•The extension of the zone of peace, stability and prosperity in Europe will enhance the security of all its peoples.

•The addition of more than 100 million people, in rapidly growing economies, to the EU's market of 70 million will boost economic growth and create jobs in both old and new member states

•There will be a better quality of life for citizens throughout Europe as the new members adopt EU policies for protection of the environment and the fight against crime, drugs and illegal immigration

•The arrival of new members will enrich the EU through increased cultural diversity, interchange of ideas, and better understanding of other peoples

•Enlargement will strengthen the Union's role in world affairs in foreign and security policy, trade policy, and the other fields of global governance

Benefits are already visible

•In Central and Eastern Europe, some stable democracies have emerged, with democratic institutions and increased respect for minorities.

•The economic reforms in these countries have led to high rates of economic growth (higher than the EU) and better employment prospects

•This process has been helped and encouraged by the prospect of EU membership, and by the EU's financial assistance

As a result the Union enjoys growing trade with these countries (€ 17 billion trade surplus in 000), and this generates employment and growth in the member states.

-The possible economic benefits

The benefits of enlargement outweigh the costs. Although the benefits are relatively larger for the acceding countries, because they start from a lower economic base (their economies represent only about 6% of the GDP of EU-15), there are gains for both sides. Moreover, the future members, already exposed to the challenge of globalization, will help the Union to surmount it.

A study in 17 by the Centre for Economic Policy Research estimated that accession of countries of Central and Eastern Europe would even in a conservative scenario bring an economic gain for the EU-15 of € 10 billion, and for the new members of € billion.

The latest analysis of business circles argues that there are potentially huge economic and business benefits of taking applicant countries into the EU as soon as possible.A recent study of the Commission estimates that enlargement could increase the growth of GDP of the acceding countries by between 1. and .1 percentage points annually, and for the existing members it could increase the level of GDP by 0.7 percentage point on a cumulative basis. Concerning the budgetary consequences of enlargement, the framework has already been decided by the European Council in Berlin, and includes a modest amount (less than 10%) for transfers to the Central and East European countries for the period up to 006. In the longer term, after 006, expenditure will depend on a series of decisions to be taken in the fields of cohesion policy, agricultural policy, etc. The increase in the budget resulting from enlargement will be a political rather than an economic issue.

There has also been several analyses of the impact of enlargement on the labour market and migratory flows. An extensive study made for the Commission suggested that only about 5,000 people would move to the EU-15 countries from Central and Eastern Europe even if there were free movement of workers immediately on accession. In fact, the Union has now agreed on a flexible transition period of up to seven years for limiting the inflow of workers from new member states.

-The costs of a non-enlargement

The non-enlargement, or a delay in enlargement, would have costs both for the Union and for the applicant countries

•Delay in enlarging the single market, and lower economic growth in the applicant countries, would deprive member states of economic benefits.

•For the applicant countries failure to join the Union would weaken the incentive for economic reform, discourage foreign investment and reduce economic growth.

•It could therefore create political instability in Europe, and even undermine the process of democratisation, with potential repercussions for the Union.

•Without enlargement, the Union would be less able to combat the problems of organized crime, illegal immigration and terrorism

•Disillusion with the Union in the applicant countries would feed Euroscepticism in the member states

-Conclusion

The European Enlargement is an historic expansion that will finally bring Europes cold war division to an end, and it is specially very important, because all the candidate countries, are ex-communist countries. It is a great opportunity to all the countries involved in the enlargement.

However, to ensure the success of this enlargement, special monitoring mechanisms should be established to ensure that the candidate countries would tackle serious shortcomings between ending negotiations and joining, like corruption, economic crime, weak judiciaries, etc.

One important thing is joining the EU, and an other is also joining the Euro. To make this possible, this countries, would need to make fundamental economic reforms before joining the euro. It is essential that joining the euro is not seen as an end in itself. The ultimate objective is full and successful economic integration. Many requirements are needed to be able to join the euro like the deficit being below the % of the GDP, so it is possible that any of the countries will be likely to join the euro before 007.

To ensure that in long term, the enlargement is successful, a common constitution for all the countries will be required.

-Bibliography

Europa, http//europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/s40000.htm Viewed 5 Oct 00

Financial Times, European Union set for historic expansion, 10 Oct 00, pag 8

Estrella digital, www.estrelladigital.com Viewed 0 Oct 00

Berkley University, http//www.lib.berkeley.edu/GSSI/eu.html Viewed 0 Oct

Please note that this sample paper on European Enlargement is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on European Enlargement, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on European Enlargement will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Bryonn bain

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In Bryonn Bain's "Walking While Black," Bain tells of a night that he was

racially profiled, humiliated and then wrongfully arrested. The events that

occurred were absolutely appalling and led Bain to surmise that "there is a

special Bill of Rights for nonwhite people in the United States one that

applies with particular severity to Black men" (1). While left unsaid by

Bain, there is an underlying thought to the narrative that Black people

remain inferior to whites which Bain is effective in proving through his use

of organization, diction, and a specifically sarcastic tone.

The main reason Bain is so effective in proving his thesis is that he

succinctly organized every detail of the night in question to fit around all

ten of his pseudo amendments that he broke up the night in question to

concur with. While reading through the narrative the audience is quickly

drawn to the amendments, and their organization shows clearly how Bain

justifies his feelings.He organized the amendments so that every detail

and every observation he made coincided fully with the amendment it

followed. As said by Bain in Amendment V, "Any nigger accused of a crime is

to be punished without any due process whatsoever" ().From this Bain is

able to completely back up his bold statement, with the physical truths of

the night that, "we were never told that we had a right to remain silent. We

were never told we had the right to an attorney" ().This method is

advantageous to Bain because it screams out to the audience "I was wronged."

It makes the amendments headlines that jump out at the reader. Because

Bain's thoughts are organized in coherence with the Amendments he is then

able to use them to break from detailing the night and to begin interjecting

his thesis on the matter.As the constitution says, "These truths are to be

held self-evident," so to does Bain say, the Black Bill of Rights "has never

had to be ratified by Congress because- in the hearts of those with the

power to enforce it- the Black Bill of Rights is held to be self-evident"

(1). He is able to effectively get this across because of his organization.

To keep the organization of his thoughts meaningful, Bain was compelled to

use powerful diction. One of the most common words you see Bain use in his

narrative is the word "Nigger". He wants the audience to take to his side

and wants them to see that the issue is not the modern day "Black vs. White"

but it is the archaic "Nigger vs. White" issue of the times of slavery.

The word nigger carries with it much of the hatred and repulsion directed

toward Africans and African Americans. Historically, nigger defined,

limited, and mocked all Blacks. It was a term of exclusion, a verbal

justification for discrimination.Bain, though, is able to take this word

and use it to his advantage. "Nigger" is never used directly by any white

person. If it was, the degradation would not need to be questioned, but

because of how Bain presents all quotes made by the white officers, he is

able to prove that racism is alive. Bain uses the truly degrading word

"Nigger" in his own amendments effectively as summary of the police

officer's true thoughts. He makes this clear in Amendment IV when he says,

"The fact that a Black man is a nigger is sufficient probable cause for him

to be searched and seized" (). He says this after the officer consistently

uses the word "Boys" to degrade them. Bain is able to empower all the actual

events with the use of the one word, Nigger. The diction emphasizes White

Supremacy and as Bain implies, things haven't changed much since the Bill of

Rights was established.

Another strong use of diction is the specific quotes Bain pulls from the

"white" people in the story.Bain puts emphasis on all their quotes of

degradation.The first words spoken to Bain are "Where do you BOYS think

you're going?" (1). An important thing to notice is the use of the word

boys.Boys is used by the officers many times and it is pertinent to note

that it is a word stemming back to slavery that plantation owners called

their slaves. This word implies inferiority; boy being a sub entity of man.

This word is extremely degrading and Bain reinforces this fact by putting it

in caps. Bain makes is clear that "White Supremacy was alive and well," ()

by making reference to one of the most important quotes made by the

officers; "These BOYS think they can come up here from Brooklyn, cause all

kinds of trouble, and get away with it" (). This quote is important in that

it summarizes every racist thought the cop makes.Bain shows that what the

officer really is saying is that Bain is a BOY not a man, all black people

do bad things and they all come from Brooklyn. This statement by Bain is

bold yet is effective in the narrative because of how it helps solidify the

author's thesis by relating to the amendments as a whole.

To further prove his point and efficiently win the audience over Bain uses a

specifically sarcastic tone to downplay all of the actions of the formidable

white subjects in the narrative.Bain constantly makes references to

positive black accomplishments and feats and does so to manifest in the

reader a positive outlook on black people.The reason Bain says "The relics

of each dynastic period pulled a proud grin across my face as I stood in awe

at the magnificence of this enduring legacy of my Black African ancestors,"

is to equate Black with good to win over a more general audience. Many

people to this day look at the black population as a negative part of

society but Bain confronts them with hard facts to win them over. Another

reason Bain does this is to ask rhetorically, "does any of this matter?"

(5). In this way Bain uses the story of his mother to his advantage. After

being insulted yet again by the officer Bain's emotions get to him and he

remarks at how he wanted to torture the officer with his mother's sweat and

tears because she worked so hard. He makes it clear that "none of her years

of laboring in hospitals through sleepless nights mattered on this

particular evening," (4) the prejudices of the officer took all

accomplishment away and Bain was suddenly inferior again.By referencing

Black accomplishments through history Bain shows how equal in accomplishment

Blacks and Whites truly are, but makes it clear that they remain inferior in

the mind. The officers don't stop to think that because Bain has a computer

and books he's probably in school. They automatically think, "You must be on

a ball scholarship or somethin', huh" (4). Bain proves that no matter how

high a black person moves up in society, to a white person they remain a

nonentity and are treated as such. This tone may seem harsh but it is

effective in proving the recessive truth that blacks remain inferior to

whites.

Through this narrative Bain proves time and time again that all legislation

and positive black movements were in vain.The truth of the matter is that

Blacks are inferior to whites.Any doubt as to whether this fact still

carries any weight has been discarded because of what happened to Bryonn

Bain and his effectiveness in relaying his sad story. This effectiveness

made in part by his organization, his diction and his tone. Bain shows that

the Bill of Rights for black men is in truth the one is use today.

Please note that this sample paper on Bryonn bain is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Bryonn bain, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Bryonn bain will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!