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Chapter 17
Types of Glands
1.exocrine these glands have ducts, non-hormonal
.endocrine glands ductless, hormones are released into blood stream, example is the pancreas Pancreas releases hormone insulin which increases blood glucose levels
•Pancreas and gonads can function as both an endocrine and exocrine gland.The pancreas (digestive system) acts as an endocrine gland by releasing insulin, but acts as an exocrine when dealing with digestion.
When a hormone is released from an endocrine gland it can only have an affect on a target organ if the target organ has a receptor located on it to which the hormone can bind
down regulation hormone and receptor don't bind which has no effect on target organ.
Up Regulation is when receptor binds to hormone which effects the target organ.
Endocrine Gland is Stimulated to Produce a Hormone by
1.hormonal factor
Hypothalmus in connection to the pituitary (hypothalamus is a major neuroendocrine organ that produces ADH and oxytocin) It has a stalk of nervous tissues called the posterior pituitary stalk.The posterior pituitary stalk made of nervous tissue cannot produce hormones but stores/releases and secretes hormones, i.e. ADH and oxytocin..
.humoral factor
deal with ions Ca++, Na+, and K+; blood calcium levels are high, stimulates thyroidhormone to release calcitonin and calcium went from blood to bone.
.neural factor
sympathetic nervous system, biogenic amines and catecholamines; dopamine, neuropeniphrine and epinephrine. Neurotransmitters that are also hormones.The adrenal medulla (inner portion of adrenal gland) is going to release neuroepinephrine and epinephrine causing a stress response.
Anterior and Posterior Pituitary
1.anterior pituitary also called adenohyophysis (glandular tissue)  can produce hormones
.posterior pituitary also called the neurohyophysis (neural tissue) this cannot produce hormones but it can store and release them.ADH and oxytocin which were produced by the hypothalamus can be released by the posterior pituitary
•how is the anterior pituitary important if it produces hormone, which ones does it produce and how are the () types separated
•there are 6 hormones in total, 4 are trophic and are non-trophic. [trophic hormones are hormones that are produced by an endocrine gland and may have an affect on another endocrine gland)
Trophic vs. Non-trophic
(produced by the anterior pituitary)
Non-trophic
1.growth hormone (GH)
.prolactin increase and decrease during pregnancy.At the end of pregnancy there is an increase, it stimulates mamillary glands to produce milk
Trophic
1.TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
.ACTH adrenocortico hormone
.FSH follicle stimul ating hormone
4.LH lutinizing hormone
5
Function of Growth Hormone
Growth hormone (GH) produced from anterior pituitary, non-trophic
1.target organ is bone and skeletal muscle mass
.produces ATP but does not utilize glucose to produce ATP, it instead causes fat to become mobilized from adipose tissue and goes to monomer unit  cell  mitochondria/O  ATP
.coristol and GH both called glucose sparring hormones, saves glucose for the brain
4.brings amino acids into the cell for rough endoplasmic reticulum.Stimulates uptake for
a)protein syntheses
b)glucogenesis (production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources specifically amino acids), also stimulated by GH and cortisol
Hyper secretion of GH in an adultHyposecretion of GH in an adult (age 5)Hypersecretion of GH in a child (age 1)Hyposecretion of GH in a child
1.can be due to trauma or tumor of the organ (anterior pituitary)No significant change1. Gigantisism - 1. Dwarfism -
Acromegaly thickened facial features especially the forehead and frontal bone. Bone mass increase along with soft tissue.Thickened facial muscles, arms and legs.Leads to a rapid increase in bone thickness main sign is in that of the foreheada) enlarged torso, arms and legsa) small torso, small size extremities, arms and legs
Main pathology is in adultsb) no cognitive defects (mental retardation), no change in frontal lobe abilityb) no cognitive defects (mental retardation), no change in frontal lobe ability
Hypothalamic posterior pituitary connection (main neuroendocrine organ  diencephalons)
ADH is produced the supraoptic nucleus
Oxytocin is produced by the paraventricular nucleus
Total number of hormones combined by the hypothalamus () plus non-trophic of anterior pituitary (). Equaling 4.
Situations that Stimulate Posterior Pituitary to Release ADH
1.Dehydration- meets parameters of decrease blood pressure and decreased blood volume
.hemorrhage (chronic blood loss) lose plasma small solutes and water
.burns (excess) sever loss of water and salt
(loss of water causes a decrease in blood volume and ADH is stimulated, it targets the kidney and causes decreased urinary output and an increase in blood volume)
ADH released from posterior pituitary.Hypothalamus produces it, its target organ is the kidney.If it targets kidney we reabsorb it water and bring it to the bloodstream.Caused by or situations that stimulate the posterior pituitary to release ADH to target kidney to reabsorption of water causing a decrease urinary output
1.Dehydration (loss of water and salts) meets parameters of decrease blood pressure and decreased blood volume
.burns (excessive) sever loss of water and sever loss of salt
.chronic blood loss or hemorrhage lose plasma small solutes and water
Imbalance of ADH secretion (diabetes insipidious)
Normally a hyper-secretion of ADH.Whether it is hyper or hypo-secretion we look the organ for a tumor.An over or under production can be due to trauma.Hypothalamic trauma or a tumor to the hypothalamus results in two factors/effects
1.Polyuria excessive poruction of urine
.polydypsia increased thirst, body craves more water, therefore increasing urine and resulting in polyuria
SIADH syndrome of inappropriate ADH response
Thyroid Gland nd major group, pituitary gland is the first major group, it produces hormones (endocrine gland)
1.Calcitonin part of the negative feed back loop and bone remodeling thyroid gland releases clacitonin when there was an increase blood Ca++ levels (bone remodeling) parathyroid gland
.T (Triiodothyroxine) involved with the thyroid gland, and acts with metabolism.Look at metabolic activity of the body.Here iodine atoms are attached, and is derived from the amino acid tyrosine.T is more metabolically active than T4
.T4 (Thyroxine/Thyronine) involved with the thyroid gland, and acts with metabolism.Look at metabolic activity of the body.Here 4 iodine atoms are attached and is derived from the amino acid tyrosine.T4 is not as metabolically active as T.
important functions of the thyroid gland in general
1.Secretes T and T4, important in stimulating enzymes for glucose oxidation occurs in cell mitochondria.Glucose is oxidized glu + O  ATP + CO
.Skeletal muscle and nervous tissue growth
If T and T4 are produces from the thyroid gland and looked at from a metabolic standpoint what are the [released] hyper/hypo secretions
Hyper you have an increase in TT4
Hypo you have a decrease in TT4
Hyperthyroid condition graves disease (autoimmune disease)
1.increase in BMR (basal metabolic rate)
.weight loss is expected
.energetic but still irritable
4.exopthalamus frogs eyes (bulging of the eyes)
Hypothyroid condition Myexedema (not an autoimmune disease)
1.Decrease in BMR (basal metabolic rate)
.weight gain
.more sluggish more fatigue
4.periorbital edema swelling around the eye socket (sign of hypothyroid condtion) puffy eyes
BMR (basal metabolic rate) Body's rate of metabolism normally at rest
Calcitonin bone remodeling (negative feed back loop)
Thyroid gland produces calcitonin while the parathyroid gland produces the parathyroid hormone
Blood calcium levels
Humeral looks at ions (Calcium is a cation that is most abundant in the body) humeral control/stimulus
Increase in blood calcium levels humerus stimulus, stimulates the thyroid gland to release the hormone calcitonin resulting in bone deposition, osteoblastic. Calcium goes from the blood into the bone building or deposition occurs.
Start with increase blood calcium levels, calcitonin continues to be released until blood calcium levels are normal and thyroid no longer produces calcitonin it is shut off (negative feed back loop)
Opposite situation occurs when there is a decrease in blood calcium levels.The parathyroid gland releases PTH (parathyroid hormone) it is the single most important regulator of blood calcium levels in blood more calcium.Bone resoprtion occurs osteoclastic activity which contiues till bood calcium levels are normal calcium goes from bone  blood.
If you have a decrease in blood calcium levels PTH targets organs (need calcium from different sources/areas in the body)
1.Skeletal system/ bone (osteoclastic activity)
.digestive system (absorption of calcium at small intestine)
.reabsorption at the kidney (calcium from kidney  blood)
•absorption digestive system, 1st line of taking in the calcium and bring it into the blood
•reabsorption renal system/ kidney, nd chance of grabbing the calcium
Specific terms
1.bone
.small intestine
.kidney (kidney tubules)
General terms
1.skeletal system
.digestive system/gastrointestinal system
.kidney/renal system
Which hormones are involved in a humeral stimulus calcitonin and PTH
Adrenal gland parts, totally specific bilateral gland that lies on top of the kidney T10 T1
1.outer layer of tissue adrenal cortex, made up of zones (hormones produced and involved with what)??
a)zona glomulosa - produces mineral-corticoid hormones.The main one being aldosterone (concerned with sodium retention in blood, blood pressure and blood volume) and works with ADH; it targets the kidney ( think of principle of osmotic drag)
b)zona fasiculata glucocorticoids (glucose and cortisol)
c)zona reticuloris glucocorticoids but in there is also a small amount of gonadotrophins (gonads/testes and ovaries)
.inner layer of tissue (cells) adrenal medulla
testes  androgens testosterone
ovaries  estrogen and progesterone
FSH and LH
Calcium is most abundant, sodium main extra cellular cation in intracellular fluids, potassium is the main intracellular cation, sodium and potassium share an indirect relationship
What stimulates the release of aldosterone (zona glomerulosa) from the kidney if sodium blood levels were normal/high this wouldn't happen
1.low Na in blood
.high K in blood
.decrease in blood volume, hypovolemia and decrease in blood pressure hypotension
kidney releases aldosterone its main concern Na retention aldosterone is stimulated when we want to reabsorb more Na
Aldosterone and ADH work hand in hand.Keep in mind aldosterone is produced from the adrenal cortex and ADH is produced in the hypothalamus
Adrenal Glands
1.Outer adrenal cortex
a)zona glomerulosa
b)zona fasciculate
c)zona reticuloris
.Inner adrenal medulla
Glucocorticoids cortisol and cortisone
Gluco and small amounts of gonadotrophins gonads, ovaries and testes
Main glucocorticoid(sol) is cortisol
Characteristics/functions of cortisol
1.stress situation it is the stimulus for zona fasiculata of adrenal cortex to release cortisol causein an increase in blood of glucose, amino acids and free fatty acids
cortisol and growth hormone are both glucose sparing keeping glucose for the brain
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