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THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE
The framer's intent of setting up the American government will never be known for sure, but it is gathered that they preferred a republic over a democracy. In the constitutional convention the drafters had to decide how much power they would entrust with the people of the United States, and how much should be controlled by representatives. They chose to have Congress make the laws, and congress would be selected directly by the people. But another branch of government, the executive branch, wanted a sole president, and the framers had to decide how to choose this president. They chose from three main systems elect the president by congress, the people, or electors. Much debate was made over this topic and eventually the Electoral College system was chosen. Many Americans feel they go to the polls every year and vote for the president, and in the long run they are in control of the fate of our executive branch. With the 1 election it was clear that many people don't know how a president is chosen; the 1 election came close to having no majority of electors due to Ross Perot and his third party. The electoral college is just barely surviving and is under more and more attack all the time.
Before any debate, it was assumed the best system of electing the president was to have congress do it. However, if congress was to elect the president, then the president might feel an obligation to help congress get certain laws passed by not vetoing. This would screw up the checks and balances system. Even with this problem the system was voted for and approved on four different occasions.
Not many believed in the direct vote system. Most people thought that the American democracy had not come far enough to offer a direct vote. It was still an unstable government. After all the president is to guard the people from the legislature, therefore he should be selected by the people. But most drafters believed that the people were generally misled. This system was voted down twice, but was helpful in showing us the downfall of the legislature deciding a president. When they had seen the downfalls of two systems, a third compromising system evolved, the electors.
This third system was to have electors that could not be a member of congress vote for the president. The elector system was voted down twice, once as the electors to be chosen by state legislatures, and the other time as the electors to be chosen by direct vote. Finally it was passed under the system of letting state legislatures decide how to choose the electors. Another compromise had to be made about how many electors each state would have. This was agreed upon by the electors equaling the total of the states representatives. There was no further debate on how to choose electors.
States went three main routes in choosing electors the legislative system, a district system, and the general ticket, or a winner-take-all system. Many states tried to reform by making a more standard system state by state, but the constitution says you can't
The legislative system failed because of too much promising, and too many payoffs. The district system lost popularity quickly because of it's third party favoritism. This left the general ticket system as the leading system. There are two states that still use the district system, but the remaining 48 states use the general ticket system.
Most all states no longer show the electors' names on the ballot, because the voter votes for either the president or the party that they wish to hold office. This causes a problem of the unfaithful elector. This has not traditionally been a problem in the history of the electoral college but it could possibly be a problem. . 6 states do not require an elector to vote for what they have pledged to vote for by state law. Although these states are still considered under the general ticket system.
There are three problems in the electoral college system. First a president can be elected to office even if it is not what the people want. Another problem is that electors are not punished for being unfaithful to what they have pledged. And finally the system for electing a president if no electoral majority is reached.
If all of the states used the general ticket system, all electors were faithful, and there were only two candidates, and if a candidate lost a state the candidate received no votes, then a president could be elected with only % of the national popular vote. This is because the thirty nine smaller states in the US have a much proportionally larger vote than the larger states. And if a president received 4% of the vote in a state, he could walk away with nothing to show for it in terms of electoral votes.
The constitution clearly states that the choice of electors is to be made by the states. Thus an easier method of change is called Allocating the Electoral Vote. In this method the states hold a poplar election and the electoral votes are allocated by percentage. In a worse case scenario, a president could be elected with a minimum of 4% of the popular vote. This is much more accurate than the current general ticket system. In order for this system to work properly, it must also be part of state legislation to require the electors to vote on what they have pledged to vote.
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