The Red Badge of Courage

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The Red Badge of Courage, by Stephen Crane, is one of the greatest war novels of all time. It tells the story of the American Civil War through the eyes of Henry Fleming, an ordinary farm boy who decides to become a soldier.Henry, who is fighting for the Union, is very determined to become a hero, and the story shows Henry's voyage from being a young coward, to a brave man, a trip from innocence to experience, earning a "red badge of courage, and obtaining the dream of being a hero.

The story starts out with a heated debate between the soldiers. A soldier, said that he had heard a rumor that the regiment would be moving on to fight a battle the next day, while some of the soldiers agree with him, others think that they will never partake in a real battle. While watching them argue, Henry, decides that he will go lay down and think, rather then take part in the heated argument between the soldiers. Henry, a simple farm boy, is excited when he hears the rumor that they will be fighting soon. It had always been a dream of his to fight in a war, and become a hero, and now his dream was coming true. Henry begins to think about what life was like before he entered the army, and remembers the stories of war he heard from old veterans. This flashback is very effective in showing how his previous experiences have affected his thoughts on war now. It is obvious that he is afraid that he will not be able to withstand the pressures of a battle. He keeps telling himself that if he wants to become a hero, he cannot run away, but stick with his comrades. While marching along, Henry sees the first corpse he has ever seen. He shows pity for the man, because the dead man had died in such poor conditions. The souls of his shoes were worn bare. When Henry sees the corpse, he begins to wonder if his generals actually know what they are doing. He thinks that the generals are leading him right into a trap, right into the middle of the rebels. Henry deals with his fear of battle by acting arrogant. He acts as if he has been in a thousand battles, and complains about the walking, even though the reader knows that he would rather be walking forever then go to battle at this point in time. It shows one of Henry's defense mechanisms, how he uses his arrogance to hide his innocence. Regiment 04 moves on to battle the next day. Henry becomes very scared, but is too proud to talk to any of the others soldiers about his fears. All the soldiers are very anxious to fight in the war, and Tom and Henry talk about how they are not going to run away from war, and how they want to become big time war heroes. This is ironic, because in the end of the book their wishes come true.

When the battle starts, all the soldiers get very anxious and nervous. Tom and Henry don't turn out to be as brave as they think that they could be. While hiding, Tom finds Henry, and gives him a manila envelope of letters for his family. Tom believes that this will be his first and last battle. Henry ends up fulfilling his worst nightmare. Instead of sticking out the battle with the rest of his regiment, he hides behind some brush in order to spare himself from dying. He listens in on the battle, and too much of his surprise, he hears cheering from what's left of his regiment. He then takes off into the woods in anger. While running through the woods his conscience begins to speak to him. His conscience calls him a coward, and a deserter. Out of guilt, Henry runs back to the battle site, and meets again with his regiment. These actions showed Henry's maturity, and desire to be a war hero. When Henry meets up his regiment an older, tattered man begins to have a discussion with him. The old man asks Henry "where yeh hit, ol' boy?" meaning, where he got shot. With massive feelings of guilt, Henry shrugs away from the man and runs back into the woods. From behind a tree, he looks at all the wounded soldiers. "At times he regarded the wounded soldiers in an envious way. He conceived persons with torn bodies to be particularly happy. He wished that he, too had a wound, a red badge of courage" This shows Henrys desire to be a wounded war hero. He does not want to be set apart from the other boys as a coward. As soon as the old soldier passed him, he went back to the lines and continued on with the boys. He starts walking next to Jim Conklin, a soldier that he knew pretty well. They are talking, when all of a sudden Jim runs away. He falls onto the ground and dies. This death has a very big affect on Henry. Jim was his first friend to be killed in battle. He feels guilty that Jim was put through so much pain, and he just ran away, like a coward. After spending the night sleeping near Jim's corpse, Henry woke up and was ready to march again. He meets up with another tattered soldier, who is dying. Henry gets very angry and mad for talking to him, and runs away, swearing that the man knows his secret. He refuses to go back to the regiment, because he thinks that everyone will regard him as a coward. All of a sudden, Henry sees the soldiers' frantically running. One grabs him, and Henry asks him why they are running so frantically. The only response he gets is a whack in the head with the soldiers' gun. A few moments later, when Henry is able to get up, he begins to march with passer by soldiers. A soldier walking next to him notices the wound on his head, and automatically assumes it to be a bullet wound. The kind-hearted soldier leads Henry back to his regiment. The first person Henry sees when he gets to the group is his friend Tom. In order to save face, Henry makes up a big story about how he got shot in the head, and then got separated from the regiment. Tom takes great care of Henry, cleans him up and makes sure that he gets enough food, and a good night's sleep. After being pampered by Tom, Henry realizes that this is not the way to becoming a hero. In order to become a hero, he must fight in battles, and get a real red badge of courage, not just a knock in the head. He returns the envelope of letters to Tom. This scene marks a dramatic change in character for both of the boys. It shows their movement from innocence to experience.

From then on, the two men walk side by side while marching. They showed their courage often in tough situations. Henry suspected that his generals were leading them right into trouble, and he gets very angry about that fact. Henry tells Tom about his speculations, but Tom will not believe him. During the next battle, Henry shows his courage by being the first and the fastest soldier to fire. After the victorious battle, Henry and Tom over hear a conversation between generals and captains, and they find out that the next battle they are going to be fighting is going to be very tough, and the general is looking for spar regiment. The leader feels that there is no way Regiment 04 will survive the battle, and calls the soldiers 'mule drivers', thinking that they are slow, and rather stupid. When Henry and Tom hear this, they are enraged. They are determined to fight as hard as they can.

Henry and Tom prove themselves well in the battle. They steal the confederate flag, and are both brave enough to go out on the field without weapons. After the regiment retreats, the general recognizes both soldiers as extremely brave, and comment that they are fit to be generals themselves. This final action is what finalizes the movement from innocence to experience for Henry and Tom. They went into the war as little boys, and now they are moving on as men. They have both earned their red badges of courage, as well as the hero status they had dreamed of obtaining forever.

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Argumentative Year around school

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Pro Year Round Education

Year round education is implemented in 46 U.S. school districts with ,000 schools and million students currently using the program with very few complaints.In fact, school districts that have been participating in year round school and extended school days are raving about the benefits in pupils achievement level, their new found enthusiasm in learning, as well as the many programs that exist in the extended day promoting the decline in latch key children.

Some schools decided to initiate year round education and extended school day because of swelling enrollments and lack of student achievement.There were many issues raised when deciding if year round education and extended school day were a step in the right direction. For one, we are all creatures of habit, and to implement a new school schedule would mean extensive changes.Second, how would this affect the taxpayers dollar? Is the proposal cost efficient?

For year round education and extended school day to work the community (to which the proposal apply) must be for the change.Therefore, providing extensive positive literature, newsletters, and constantly keeping the community updated on all aspects of the programs benefits will help ensure success of year round education and extended school day.

The traditional nine month academic year originated in an agrarian period when the long summer months were used for children to assist their family in farm tasks.However, the nine-month calendar is far from being sensitive to the current industrialized world we live in today.Fathers as well as Mothers are most likely in an office from nine in the morning to five in the evening leaving an extensive, unsupervised time during the day. Children go home to empty houses, are told not to answer the door, and when the phone rings they are prompted to say that Mom or Dad is in the shower.

Children under utilize long summer months. During this time children have little to do but spend countless hours watching television, roaming the streets, and hanging out on sidewalks seeking out entertainment.This cannot be a productive situation and could lead to dangerous activities due to boredom. Furthermore, during these under utilized months most children tend to loose information taught from the previous school year.This can be an increasing problem for at-risk students who are usually lacking in the socioeconomic status, originate from foreign speaking countries, and the learning disabled.

Year Round Education and extended school day will give teachers more contact time with these students and help at-risk children retain information, as well as help foreign speaking students retain the English language. By keeping the child in school on a year round schedule or extended school day students will be less likely to loose information due to a long summer recess and have more time in a learning environment, therefore, enriching the childs learning abilities.

There are different types of year round education and extended school day schedules.The most popular schedule is single-track and is usually implemented for the purpose of academic improvements.On single-track schedule children attend school year round with frequent intersessions or breaks. Typical schedules might be 0-0, 60-0, or 45-15 where the first number indicates days of instruction and the second, days of vacations (Opheim, Mohahjer, Read, 16).There is also a multi-track schedule, which is known to be more cost efficient.This schedule is often implemented when the school is overcrowded, in poor neighborhoods, as well as in inner-city schools.On a multi-track schedule students schedules are consistent with the single-track 0-0, 60-0, or 45-15, however, students are assigned to one of the several tracks which are staggered therefore, no one group of students has the same intersession at the same time.By staggering attendance schedules, class size is deducted.Studies have concluded that decreased class size promotes more efficient learning.

During an intersession children can spend time with their families or take advantage of enrichment programs, which are offered, at the school. In these programs teachers have remedial classes available to all children, have planned educational field trips, some school districts even offer martial arts, dancing, and even cooking lessons.This schedule not only benefits children but also teachers.In the intersession teachers can decide if they want to teach (in which they would earn extra income), take a vacation to relieve stress, or use the time to develop course materials.It has been said that year round education and socioeconomic status contribute to less teacher burn out and better teacher satisfaction as a result of students enthusiasm toward learning, opportunity to earn extra income, and the various different ways to take advantage of the intersessions.

Some districts decided upon year round education for academic reform hoping that the implementation of year round education would contribute to higher test scores.As a whole, year round educations reading, math, and science test scores are higher than the traditional calendar school students yet not by much.This also applies to at-risk students in year round education who score higher on reading, math, and science, however the scores are not statistically significant.Furthermore, year round education is a fairly new concept and research on test scores should encompass a time span of at least four years.Recent statistics have only encompassed a year to two-year research.

Some schools were concerned with the cost of year round education and extended school day.However, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, City Schools can be considered as a role model for schools contemplating cost efficiency of year round education and extended school day. Murfreesboro, Tennessee, City Schools have employed the simple business approach of supply and demand. They have developed extended time programs that are appealing enough for parents to want to purchase them for their children.Revenues from parents far exceed $1 million per year and parents only have to pay a dollar per hour per child for after school programs. No one child is excluded because a parent cannot or will not pay (Jones, 15). To keep the programs affordable, they identified many live assets that could be tapped to support the extended learning time.

Murfreesboros capital assets included nine school campuses valued in excess of $65 million (Jones, 15).These schools traditionally sat idle all but 180 days a year as all

children were sent home by p.m. (Jones, 15).The schools district believes that no profit-making business could survive allowing an investment of that magnitude to sit idle for so many hours of the year, and a school shouldnt either. Murfreesboro receives around $00,000 for Chapter 1 Programs and $150,000 from Tennessees Career Ladder Extended Contract program.These funds are primarily used to pay personnel who work during the extended hours/days (Jones, 15).More public revenue also is available because of the interest in providing quality childcare (Jones, 15).Their city schools receive $100,000 annually from the Department of Human Services because the extended school program is meeting school-age childcare needs.They also capitalized on already existing human resources by using them more flexibly. Flexible time schedules have been set up for teachers and educational assistants (Jones, 15).Support personnel work from 11 to 5 for 0 days instead of 180.Traditionally, regular classroom teachers worked from 745 to 15 (Jones, 15). But, with the new program teachers leave work at 145 for a quarter of the year, leaving 67.5 hours to be assigned during extended hours or days.Also the largest K-8 school gave up 15 percent of its allocated positions (worth $7,500) so those funds could be used for other programs.So clearly there are cost efficient ways of implementing year round education and extended school day; Murfreesboro is a prime example.

Another year round education success story is evident in El Paso County, on the border of Texas and Mexico.This district is rapidly growing, having doubled the number of student enrollment from 10,000 to 0,000 in the past eight years.They are a property poor district with unemployment over 1 percent.The districts population consists of 0

percent Mexican American and 70 percent economically disadvantaged.Yet their students score at or above the state average on all mandated tests. Their dropout rate is less than one percent, and 65 percent of their graduates attend college. Socorro originally adopted year round education to make more classrooms available, to slow their new building programs, and to maintain a reasonable tax rate.While they continue to build new schools, they have benefited by the multi-track schedule.They have already saved the cost of building four new schools at about $0 million taxpayer dollars over the past five years.Socorro is on a 60-0 calendar.In the intercessions students have the option of going on vacation, volunteer work, or involve themselves in other positive activities.Also, students can come back to school and make up attendance, attend accelerated classes, or developmental classes.They also have the option of participating in field trips, special projects, and other numerous activities.Furthermore, by using the intercession time, over 60 percent of children are in school for 00 days a year.The intercessions have allowed their district to improve students overall academic performance in all areas.Furthermore, improvements in math, science, and language arts have been most significant.The extended year provides time for students who have missed too much school, or have fallen behind for any reason to catch up with their learning (Barber, 16).Intersession class sizes are small and encourage creative learning, traditional time constraints are eliminated, and teaching and learning are described by teachers and student alike as being fun (Barber, 16).About 65 percent of the students come from homes where Spanish is the dominant language.Being able to attend school for more days, plus not having the long summer in which to forget, has

been most helpful for those children (Barber, 16).The most important advantage of this calendar, where students are never out of school for more than one month at a time, is increased student performance (Barber, 16).As a group, Socorro Independent School Districts students earn the highest scores on the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills, of any district in the country.All 1 campuses are state accredited, with almost 50 percent of the elementary schools receiving state recognition for student performance (Barber, 16). Socorro Schools are yet another positive example year round school and extended school day.

Year Round Schools do not only exist in the south and southwest.About 10 years ago Trenton, New Jersey schools fell exceedingly short on measures of facilities improvement and academic achievement.Students had the lowest achievement level and the highest dropout rate in the state.No longer willing to tolerate few successes and tremendous failure Trenton schools made a decision that something must be done.After researching year round education they found that it has long been touted for making the best use of school facilities and reducing the need for new construction, but even more important they found that it also has a positive effect on academic performance especially among at-risk students.The Joyce Kilmer School, in Trenton, New Jersey decided on a 45 -15 plan and they would use the intercessions for remedial classes, planned activities, and special programs which include field trips, tours, and programs with visiting authors, artists, dancers, and musicians.The year round students at Kilmer attend school for 00 days, or 0 more than the 180 required by New Jersey law (Venable, 16).The school does not force children to enroll in the year-round program.However, 1 of Kilmers

50 students are enrolled year round.So far, the school has seen an improvement in all aspects of pupils progress, from attendance to parent involvement, to less discipline referrals.Teachers report that year-round students are learning more and forgetting less, which means they require fewer classroom hours of review so more time is dedicated to creative learning.Teachers can also keep track of their students progress better with the shorter vacation breaks. Theyre better able to help students throughout the school year.One teacher of the second grade transitional class composed of students who had been recommended for being held back in first grade stated Year-round education literally turned the page in the lives of these students who needed the consistency of more time on task. (Venable, 16).The schools speech therapist says that year-round students are making such rapid progress that she expects some will leave speech therapy sooner than usual (Venable, 16).So far the retention rate of students and the special education referrals have been lessening in this school.Furthermore, because so many students are finding success, the school has reported fewer discipline problems.In fact, the principle reports almost a complete absence of disciplinary referrals, and last year Kilmer reported only one suspension.The drop in discipline problems has occurred among all year-round students special education, gifted and talented, at-risk, and average kids (Venable, 16).Teachers attendance rate at both schools was almost 100 percent for the first few months of the year-round program (Venable, 16).Even at the end of eight months it was still impressive at 7 percent.

Student attendance has also risen.Kilmer reports an average daily attendance rate of 6 percent.Children have carried their enthusiasm home, and parent involvement is up. The principle reports that parents are visiting and volunteering more than in the past (Venable, 16).

I believe that year round education and extended school day are the answer for improving American schools.Nine-month schooling and three-month vacation is a thing of the past.The United States should recognize year round education and extended school day as a reality.The U.S. in a now an industrialized country with, more often than not, both parents working.Year Round Education and extended school day allows children the extended time to learn instead of coming home to an empty house.This extended learning time will also benefit at-risk children who run the risk of falling behind.The more time they have in a learning environment will provide further enrichment to the students life and will further theyre retention skills.Year Round Schooling is also beneficial to foreign speaking students because of the consistent stimulation to the English speaking learning environment.Also intercessions help at-risk children by providing additional classes during the break so students can keep up with their studies.Intercessions are also beneficial for latchkey children whose parents are at work most of the day.During the intercessions children have the option of remaining in class, participating in field trips or extra curricular activities.

I also believe that year round education and extended school day are beneficial for teachers.Students are more enthusiastic about learning in this environment; therefore teachers tend to feel more appreciated in their teaching efforts and by their students. Also, intercessions, in my opinion, contribute to less teacher burn out because the breaks are frequent, children are more enthusiastic about attending school, and academic

achievement is overall better than traditional school year students. In year round education and extended school day it is reported that there is less student delinquency and less disciplinary problems.I believe this is true because underutilized time is being diminished, and more time is spent in a learning environment.

Some school districts may be worried about financial difficulties when deciding to implement year round education or extended school day.However, even the poorest of school districts has managed to implement year round education on the cost efficient multi-track plan and with supply and demand strategies.

Year Round Schooling or extended school day should be in every school district throughout the United States.The U.S. needs to do something about our education and a conscientious first step would be to implement year round education and extended school day.We have seen all the benefits that come from this plan.It seems only logical for the future of our success as country to implement year round education and extended school day nationwide.

Works Cited

Barber, R. Jerry. Year-Round Schooling Really Works Socorro Independent School District, El Paso, Texas.The Education Digest, 16.p. 6, 1-

Gee, W. The Copernican Plan and Year-Round Education Two Ideas That Work Together.Phi Delta Kappan, 17.p. 78, 7-76

Geiger, P.Stretching the Clock and the Dollar.American School and University, 14.p. 67, 16

Greenfield, T.Year-Round Education A Case for Change. The Educational Forum, 14.p. 58, 5-6

Jones, J. Extending School Hours A Capital Idea. Educational Leadership, 15.p. 5, 44-46

Kneese, C.Review of Research on Student Learning in Year-Round Education.Journal of Research and Development in Education, 16.p., 60-7

Kneese, C.Evaluating the Achievement of At-Risk Students in Year Round Education.Planning and Changing, 15.p. 6, 71-0

Merino, Barbara J. The Impact of Year-round Schooling A Review. Urban Education. Vol. 18, No. (Oct. 18), p.8-16.

Opheim, C., Mohajer., Read Jr.Evaluating Year-Round Schools in Texas. Education, 15.p. 116, 115-10

Venable, B.A School for All Seasons.Executive Educator, 16.p. 18, 4-6

Warrick-Harris, Elaine.Year-Round School Balfour Elementary School, Asheboro, North Carolina.Childhood Education, 15.p. 71, 8-87Please note that this sample paper on Argumentative Year around school is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Argumentative Year around school, we are here to assist you.Your research papers on Argumentative Year around school will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Originated in the North, Moved to the South?

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Originated in the North, Moved to the South?

Lacrosse is a sport that is played by two teams.The purpose of lacrosse is to shoot the

one rubber ball past a goaltender into the goal.Each player has a lacrosse stick

(between three and six feet long) that has a head or basket on the end for carrying the

ball.When not carrying or cradling the ball, a player is allowed to check or try to

dislodge the ball from an opponents stick. Lacrosse is a sport that I have played for over

ten years.Born and raised in upstate Syracuse, New York, played lacrosse.When my

family moved to southeast Georgia, I was astounded that there was not a lacrosse league

or team in middle or high school.Furthermore, a good majority of the teenagers had

never even heard of lacrosse.Lacrosse is not only my favorite sport, but it is also what I

consider to be my expertise.This sport has, and continues, to keep me out of trouble

from outside influences, is a great stress reliever, is the teacher of many life-long lessons

that I have learned, and is a great source of camaraderie and friends.In the north, there

were teams, both recreational and school based that one could join if he/she so desired.If

this sport, that has developed in the north United States, were to be played in the south

more frequently, it would prove to be very beneficial in many ways.

Lacrosse originated among Native Americans and was played in many different

versions.In some tribes they used two sticks, compared to only using one, like present day lacrosse. Some tribes also chose to form teams, which include both men and women.Named "the little brother of war" by the Cherokee Indians, lacrosse was considered to be very good military preparation.A team consisted of hundreds, or even thousands of players from a tribe.In this game of massive proportion, the goal was to get the ball miles away to the opponent's goals, which were miles away.When not cradling, passing, or shooting the ball, tribesmen would use their stick(s) to injure opponents.

The Six Tribes of the Iroquois played another form of lacrosse.They were

located in upstate New York (where I am from) and southern Ontario.Their version of

the game was affectionately dubbed "baggataway" or "tewaraathon." The Six Tribes of

the Iroquois played with twelve to fifteen players per team with goals about 10 feet

apart.This form of lacrosse is most similar to the sport played today.

Due to many injuries, migration, and changes in the world, lacrosse died out in the

United States by the mid-nineteenth century.When revived in upstate NewYork in the

1860s by the Onondaga tribe, the game began to grow in popularity.A few years later,

New York and Manhattan College played in the first United States intercollegiate game.

After this game, colleges in the northeast, such as Boston University, Cornell, Harvard,

Princeton, and Stevens Institute, created teams to play each other.

Progress continued to be made with the spread of lacrosse in the north.Not until

recently has lacrosse started to be played in the south.There are now large areas of lacrosse play in Atlanta and Florida.Although these two areas have learned and now play the sport, I feel that much of the south still should be taught and be given the opportunity to play.

When I moved from upstate New York, to Southeastern Georgia, and asked a group of

my new friends to play lacrosse, their response was, "Play what? What is lacrosse?" I was shocked and even felt grief for my friends because for me, lacrosse had not just been a sport that I had developed a love for, but had become a way of life for me.I feel that

lacrosse should be taught and played not just in some college club teams but in middle

school, high school and colleges all over, even as professional leagues.In response to my

feelings I took a survey of forty University of Georgia students from the south, and asked

them the questions "Have you ever played lacrosse?" and even "Do you know the rules

or how the game lacrosse is played?" My predictions were correct as the results showed

that out of the 40 students 7 had never played and could tell me nothing more than

"It is a sport with sticks and a ball, but that is all I know." After this survey, I decided

that I wanted to try to educate and even promote the play of lacrosse in more southern

schools, and schooling areas and my peers for many reasons.

Lacrosse has helped me stay out of much trouble.As a child in New York, I had

many opportunities to stray from the right path in life, but due to lacrosse I was kept on

track.Organized lacrosse involves not only time and effort, but also a self-development.

In the game, you become keen attentive as to what is happening at all times and learn to plan and predict what will happen next.This provides a sense of judgment and decision

making skills that is essential for life. If lacrosse were to be brought to the south as a

frequently played sport, it would teach many youth and adults self discipline as well as the previously mentioned attributes.

This sport also serves as a stress reliever.If one is angry at the world, or needs to

take out some of their aggression, the lacrosse field is a good place to do so.Lacrosse

allows you to have run of the field and allows you to check your opponents.In lacrosse

one is allowed to swing their stick within rules at the opponent in a very aggressive

manner.Along with relieving stress, playing lacrosse play keeps one in shape.From all of the practice and games of running up and down the field, moving both arms and legs at all times, the athlete will find himself/herself if good shape.Lacrosse is a toner for muscles and allows one to develop speed and agility.

Lacrosse not only teaches you hand-eye coordination but teaches many valuable

lessons in life.In lacrosse one has to work with a team in order to both score and not be

"checked to death." As a team you learn teamwork and how to function as a whole.This

lesson of "there is no I in team" is one of the most valuable lessons that I feel I have

learned in life; I accredit this to the game of lacrosse.

Despite having to play as a team, many of my friends that I have worked and played lacrosse with have been, and continue to be, some of my life-long friends.Playing lacrosse is worth the time and effort just for the camaraderie.When you play or practice, you spend so much time with these friends that you really get to know them and even develop a sense of closeness to them.When made to act as a team, one starts to function and think as a team.This is beneficial if you ever need someone to talk to or even if you are feeling lonely in the world; someone will always be there to cheer you up, encourage you to go on, and give you motivation.

Lacrosse should be highly spread in the south due to the weather conditions.It is a

game that is intended for the fall and/or spring.The weather in the south allows year

round play, which is a large factor in the sport.

New Paragraph???

Although lacrosse involves checking and other forms of hitting one with his/her stick, lacrosse is a very safe sport.In lacrosse one is required to wear a helmet, a mouthpiece, gloves, and protective upper body equipment.Lacrosse is both very safe and very cost efficient with gear low costing and very durable.

Although this sport is hundreds of years old it still teaches the same self-control,

teamwork, leadership, and lessons today.If lacrosse is installed into more schooling

systems in the south, as it is in the north, I feel that not only the players but the parents

will benefit from it.

Please note that this sample paper on Originated in the North, Moved to the South? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Originated in the North, Moved to the South?, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Originated in the North, Moved to the South? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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E-Businees startegiescomparison

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Table of contents

1.Synopsis…………………………………………………………p.

.Introduction……………………………………………………p.

.Business model definition…………………………………..p.

4.Companies background……………………………………… p.4

4.1 Toyota business profile…………………………………….p.4

4. Volvo business profile………………………………………p.4

5. Online Business Model………………………………………p.5

5.1 E-tailing business model…………………………………. p.5

5. Manufacturer Model (direct marketing/Model)……..p.6

5.a Disintermediation……………………………………………………p.6

5..1 Five Tents of the Manufacturer Model……………..p.7

5..1a-Most efficient path to customer…………………….p.7

5..1b-Single point of accountability………………………p.7

5..1c-"Build to order" customization &personalization.p.7

5..1d-Low Cost Leader………………………………………p.8

5..1e-Standard Based technology…………………………p.8

6. Supply chain improvement……………………………….p.8

7. Advertising Model………………………………………….p.8

8. Benefits that automobiles companies gains from BCp.

. Comparison of online business model…………………..p.

10. E-commerce functionality……………………………….p.10

10.1 "What's New" section……………………………………p.10

10.Web site search engine…………………………………..p.10

10. Site Map…………………………………………………….p.10

11. Toyota's e-commerce functionality…………………….p.11

1. Dealers locator map……………………………………….p.11

1. Customization and personalization……………………..p.1

14. Web site customization (for investor example)………p.14

15. Multilanguage support…………………………………….p.16

1. Business solution suggested………………………………p.17

1. Conclusion……………………………………………………. p.17

14. Bibliography…………………………………………………p.18

Synopsis

Doing business online is not a big issue. However, choosing the right business model to implemented and maintains such a strategy will be the main issue. The good implementation of the business model will give the company great befits in different business areas. Implementing well planed business strategy will maintain and reduce the supply chain processes are the biggest value for online business. Moreover, choosing or developing the right business solution will have a great impact on the flow of the business. The integration of e-commerce functionalities will reflect the efforts that the e-commerce will do to increase the time that customers will spend online and maintain their loyalty to the organization.

Introduction

E-business can be described as the new business logic that operates in a world without boundaries. It refers to a broader definition of Electronic Commerce, not just buying and selling but also servicing customers, providing an integrated business environment and offering added value services [1]. Developing e-business models for conducting e-business is not simply about the adoption of new technologies. It also concerns changes in work practices, in customer/supplier relationships, in the way products are delivered to

Consumers, in marketing practices and changes in staff skills needed to support e-business. Accordingly, e-business models signify new opportunities for re-organizing the way businesses are currently practiced.

Business models definitions

A business model is a plan for offering a value proposition to customers, a source of revenues, an identification of costs, and a detailed set of process for execution. [1]. It is n architecture for the product, service and information flows, including a description of the various business actors and their roles; and a description of the potential benefits for the various business actors; and the descriptions of sources of revenues. []

Companies Backgrounds

Toyota's business profile

Industry Manufacturing

Toyota Motor Corporation is the worlds third largest automaker, offering a full range of models, from mini vehicles to large trucks. Toyota Motor is based in Japan and currently ranked 10th by fortune.com in the global 500 companies list as of 00. Revenues generated in 001 totalled 10,814.4 $ millions.

Live Sites

http//www.toyota.co.jp

(Figure 1)

Volvo's business profile

The Volvo Group is one of the world's largest producers of trucks, buses and construction equipment and holds a leading position in the fields of marine and industrial power systems and aircraft engine components. Based in Sweden and currently ranked 67th by "fortune.com" in the global 500 companies list as of 00. Revenues generated in 001 totalled $18,01. million. The Volvo Group now focuses exclusively on transport equipment for commercial use, through divisions such as Volvo Trucks N.A. (North America), Volvo Construction Equipment, Volvo Parts, Volvo Bus and others.

Live Sites http//www.volvo.com

(Figure )

Online Business Models

There are several types of online business models that a company may implement. Often, we can find many companies implement more than one business model in their online business.Toyota's Motor and Volvo are using four types of business models E-tailing, direct marketing, customization & personalization, and Advertising.

E-tailing business model

The most significant characteristic of BC (E-tailing) model is the ability to create a direct relationship with the customer without the involvement of the intermediaries such as distributors and, wholesalers, or dealer [1]. Toyota's Motor and Volvo both of them are based on the e-tailing model. In bc, business models are often categorized the way that revenues are generated. (1) Direct marketing. () Pure-play e-tailers () Traditional retailers with web site.

Manufacturer model "Direct model or marketing".

Toyota's and Volvo direct model starts and ends with a direct interaction with the power of direct model, they are able to provide customers with superb value, high-quality, relevant technology, customized systems, superior service and support, and products and services that are easy to buy and use. With its singular focus on the customer, the model takes five basic tenets and creates a unique way of buying and selling technology. That not only sets Toyota's apart, it means that the customer experience is revolutionary. This model involves creating additional marketing channels. Direct marketers bypassed the traditional retailer store and took orders directly from consumers. This step called Disintermediation which refers to removal of organizations or business process layers responsible for certain intermediary steps in a given value chain [1]. For example, in the traditional distribution channel, there are intermediating layers between the manufacturer and the consumer, such as wholesalers, distributors, and retailers. These layers can be eliminated and save billions of dollars for the organization.

(Figure ,Taurban 00)

The five tenets of this model are[6]

Most Efficient Path to the Customer

Toyota and Volvo believe that the most efficient path to the customer is through a direct relationship, with no intermediaries to add confusion and cost. They are organized around groups of customers with similar needs. This allows their teams to understand the specific needs of specific customers without the customer needs being translated by inefficient resellers and middlemen.

Single Point of Accountability

They work to keep things easy for their customers. They make the single point of accountability so that resources necessary to meet customer needs can be easily marshaled in support of complex challenges. Their customers want streamlined and fast access to the right resources; approaching them directly.

"Build to order" customisation & personalization

Toyota Motors and Volvo, along with other carmakers around the world, announced plans to implement a "build to order" program much like Dell's approach in building computers.Giving customers the ability to build a car to suit their needs by using the web site, they are able to custom configure their car's features and components, see it online, price it, and have it delivered to nearby dealers, thereby cutting inventory requirements in half, while at the same time giving customers exactly what they want. Using a virtual car on the web site, customers can view more than 1,50 possible exterior combinations in real time, rotate the image 60 degrees, and see the price updated automatically with each selection of trim or accessories. After storing the car in a virtual garage, the customer can decide on purchase and select the dealer at which to pick up the completed car.

Low-Cost Leader

Resources are focused according to what matters to our customers. With a highly efficient supply chain and manufacturing organization, a concentration on standards-based technology developed collaboratively with our industry partners, and a dedication to reducing costs through business process improvements, we consistently provide our customers with superior value.

Standards-Based Technology

The standard technology is key to providing their customers with relevant, high-value products and services. Focusing on standards gives customers the benefit of extensive research and development from Toyota Motors and Volvo and an entire industry not from just these two companies. Unlike proprietary technologies, standards give customers flexibility and choice.

Supply chain improvements

Building autos to order instead of dealers' showrooms; the automotive industry is expected to save tens of billions just for inventory reduction. This approach depends on the concept of pull type production, which begins when an order is placed online. Pull type processing allows for inexpensive customization of products and services and provides a competitive advantage for Toyota.

Advertising model

With direct model and customization for Toyota's Motor and Volvo comes one-to-one or direct advertising which is more effective than mass advertising. Volvos implement different types of advertisements online with other online stores by adding links to the main web site and by using pop ups in other web selling online cars.

Benefits that automobiles companies gaining from the BC model (Turban, 00)

First, promoting products. EC enhances promotion abilities by implementing rich web based information and direct interaction with their customers from the online web sites. [1]. Second, Establishing new sales channels. Both Toyota and Volvo, when they decided to implement such a strategy, they were looking to expand their market by building a new market channel over the Internet. Third, direct saving. BC maintains the cost of delivering information to customers over the Internet. This includes a physical or a digital form. Fourth, Reduced cycle time. The administrative work in relation to physical delivery, especially across international borders, can be reduced significantly. Fifth, consumers' service. Customer's service can be enhanced by enabling customers to find more information online [4].

Comparison of online business models

Although, both Toyota and Volvo are implementing the different business models The E-tailing model, the advertising model and the customer support model, both of the two companies are implementing their online strategies to improve their relationships with their customers. However, Toyota Motors are getting more revenue and better position in the global top500 global companies than Volvo. Although at the same time they were using the same model. The point here is that Toyota has a more efficient way in customizing their online business more interactively and more user friendly interface. The factors that affect the success or failure of the models it goes back to the type of strategies they are implementing to improve their business. Toyota has invested millions of dollars to improve its online systems are implementing the right CRM system they for their consumers. Volvo's revenue is lower as their web sites have most of the e-commerce functionality that is required for the success of the web site.There are a number of factors that affect the success of Volvo online. The lack of updated contents time after time as users likes to see updated news and offers. They have to Improve faster interaction with their customers.Another main issue is the right choice of the CRM in their web site as Toyota has more choices and keeps updating its contents and offers the customer relationship programs. The wide spread of Toyota factories in most of the world keep it more recommended for customers as it saves time and costs for delivering products with a cheaper price than Volvo. As Volvo is producing their cars only in Sweden and delivering it to their reseller or distributor in the other countries, this keeps their price higher than Toyota. The right implementation of the supply chain process and reducing it to save millions of dollars was the main strategy of Toyota in its conducted business.

Types of e-commerce functionality available on each site

'What's New' section?

When people visit web site they expect new contents, often, even if they visit multiple sites in a day. According to Mathew Benson, the senior director of Bivings Woodell, an effective e-commerce site always has a lot happening, just like a regular business[4]. Both Toyota and Volvo has used such a function in their web site. A good home page is like a newspaper that's updated at least weekly, daily, or even more often. [See figure 1]

Web site search engines

No matter how effectively each business promotes their new contents in their homepage, there will be more contents on the site users can refer to and access directly [4]. That's where a search engine comes in. If users know they can find out what they are looking for in the site, they will come back. A good search engine will return a well-formatted output to the users in an easily accessible way [4]. Toyota used to locate partners, news, reports and others businesses related information in a fast and reliable method.[See figure 1]

Web site Maps

Visitors should be able to navigate the web site easily and not get lost. A site map is a graphical or text based tool that portrays the information for the visitors and allow visitors to click and be connected to their required page in the web site [4]. A site map outlines in a single page all the contents of the Web site. [See figure 4]

Toyota's e-commerce functionality

Toyota's following the three-deep rule Visitors should not be more than three clicks away from what they want. Indices on the left side of the page acts as a table of contents that can be broken down into various levels of detail so users can read the web site like a book. (See figure 5). The web site has the following functionalities 'What's New' section which gets updated dynamically with the latest news and events, Site search engine helping online customers locating their required information faster, Site map, appealing colour scheme, compelling graphics, up-to-date content, and clear navigation elements keeps

(Figure 4)

Toyota is enjoying their transactions over the web. Moreover, Toyota's home page allows visitors to see pages customized for business users and Investors. This mass customisation feature is useful for preventing visitors from having to wade through contents they don't need.

(Figure 5)

Dealer's locators Maps

Toyota Motor

Volvo Motor

Customisation and personalization option

Toyota and Volvo are offering online customisation tools for their cars and after the users are satisfied with their requirements they can confirm directly with the manufacturer and the product will be delivered to the local dealer with their specifications.

Customers and other business partners can log directly to their personalized web sites without going tho the web site with a lots of information, which is not related to their needs.

Customer service and maintenance guides online are another important issues in the e-commerce functionality that can be available for the all manufacturer models online. Here in this case Toyota's customer's service has more functionality and professional views than Volvo and you can observe that from the first look at the web site.

Volvo's service page online provides different services to their users including cars manual, warranty information, service centres available in their region, a services schedule and finance management.

Multi Language supports

Both Toyota and Volvo offer their web sites in different languages by allowing their customers to customize their web site language.

Site map

Toyota's site map

Volvo's site Map

E-commerce business solutions suggested for Toyota Motor and Volvo

Improving the Visitors Relationship Management Profiling and Personalization. Visitor's relationship management (VRM) appears to be the next big thing for web based and electronic commerce in general[4]. Car dealers try to use the web to better manage relationship with their customers.

Conclusion

Electronic commerce affects almost every aspect of how business is conducted. It fundamentally changes organizational and industrial infrastructure. While there are many challenges ahead, companies are creating entirely new business and tapping markets not reachable to them before. Uncertainties in consumers' acceptance, the lack of adequate business models, and bandwidth limitations have great affects on running business online. Maintaining others issues such as privacy, costs, security, and friendly consumer interface will improve user's interactions with the business online.The competitive advantage of any organization is derived from the long term relationship that it has built with its consumers. As consumers increasingly take control of their needs fulfillment process, marketers should evaluate the value that they can add to this fulfillment process to benefit both consumers and the organization.

Bibliography

[1] Turban, E., Lee, J., King D. and Chung, M. (00), Electronic Commerce A Managerial Perspective. nd edition, Prentice Hall

[] Timmers, P. Business,(18). Models for Electronic Markets, Journal on Electronic Markets.

[] Michael, R. "Business Models on the Web" managing the digital enterprise (http//digitalenterprise.org/models/models.html) (00)

[4] Charles, T.(000) E-Commerce strategies, Microsoft press

[6] Jeffrey, F. and Bernard, J. (001) e-Commerce, McGraw-Hill

[7] Clifford, T. "Toyota Customer Design Concepts" (http//giray.uzmen.com/clients-14-toyota.html#) (00)

[8] Andrew, P. "Toyota online case study", Vignette Corporation white papers, (http//www.vignette.com/contentmanagement/0,07,1-1-1-1665-1756-616,00.html?vgn_rms_id=148_7) (00)

[] Jay, P. "Volvo Group Anchors Global Internet strategy", Vignette Corporation white papers, (http//www.vignette.com)

[10] Roffey, P. "Driving the global fast-track at Volvo", (http//www.roffeypark.com/in_company/volvo.html)

[11] IBM, "Customer Relationship Management", (http//www-.ibm.com/e-business/doc/content/overview/816.html) (00)

[1] FORTUNE, "FORTUNEs Global 500",

(http//www.fortune.com/fortune/global500)

[1] Toyota, (www.toyota.com.au)

[14] Toyota, (http//www.prius.toyota.com.au/Prius/HomePage/0,,,00.html)

[15] Volvo, (http//www.volvocars.com/) (00)

[16] Volvo, (http//www.volvocars.com.au)

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Who's Watching Television

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For television studios, the ability to appeal to audiences and to keep audiences coming back is the key to their success.To insure this key, fortunes are spent.But money is not much of a problem, because there is so much of it; therefore, stations are always asking the question, "Who's watching our television shows and how can we improve to obtain a bigger fan base?" To answer this question, television programmers strategize to appeal to their major target audience.Children's programming, day time television viewing, and the youth audience are all major areas of target for television companies.

Children programming, for example, is not an area of major interest for most television stations.But for those stations that do target children, success is almost certain.Stations like Nickelodeon, Comedy Central and the Cartoon Network target children by using animated television to appeal to the young viewers.Most of the shows are understandable to the children and at the same time the children learn valuable thinking and critical skills while watching these television shows.Another station that targets children but also at the same time targets the over fifty audiences is the PBS station.PBS appeals to the young minds by administering to the children educational wise.Major appealing shows to children that air on this station are Mr. Rodger's Neighborhood, Sesame Street and Barney.

Another target area by television studios is the daytime viewing audience.These studios aim at those who are at home during the mid-day and early evening.Examples of shows that target this audience could be evening or mid-day news programs, talk shows, or the all time famous soap operas.Soap operas, just like the rest of the programs, are run in serial programming.That is the story line for soaps, news programs, and talk shows never stop.There is always something new and interesting daily.

The next group of interest for television stations is the teenage audience or youth audience.Television stations like FOX, BET, ESPN and HBO target teenage audiences, but these are not their only target objectives.Shows that target or have targeted teenage audiences include the Simpsons, Moesha, 106 & Park, and Beverly Hills 010.These shows usually run back-to-back with other television shows of the same genre so that the youth may watch more of what is appealing to them.

Teenagers, children, and daytime television viewers account for a substantial amount of television viewing that goes on in our society today.Without the interest of these viewers, television programming companies could not prosper and therefore business would not be as good.This is why television programmers find and appeal to their ideal audiences.

Please note that this sample paper on Who's Watching Television is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Who's Watching Television, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Who's Watching Television will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Adam Smith

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Adam Smith was a well-known Scottish political economist and philosopher.He is most famous for his influential book "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations".Living an interesting life, publishing two remarkable books and having influential perspectives on economy then and now, Adam Smith is perhaps the procreator of economic thought.

Biography

Smith was born in a small village in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland in 17 with the exact date being unknown.However, he was baptized on June 5, 17.His father, also named Adam, died about six months before his birth.Smith was raised by his mother and was the only child in the household.

Smith's mother devoted herself to him from the very beginning.He was in fragile health as a baby, needing his mother's comfort.She also encouraged his education at an early age.As a result, others looked at her as spoiling him.

When Smith was about three years old, he and his mother went to Strathenry to visit his uncle.He was playing in the courtyard until gypsies had come along and kidnapped him.His uncle had noticed him missing and upon learning that gypsies had passed through, he tracked them down and recovered Smith.

Smith attended the grammar school of Kirkaldy and then entered the University of Glasgow at the age of fourteen. He was sent to Balliol College in Oxford at the age of seventeen as a Snell exhibitioner.This was for the purpose of grooming himself for service in the Church of England.Gaining extensive knowledge of European literature, he left Balliol after seven years and returned to Scotland.

Adam was appointed Professor of Logic at Glasgow University in 1751 and then was made first chair of moral philosophy in 175.Ethics, rhetoric, jurisprudence and political economy served as the basis for his lectures.His lectures are embodied in "Theory of Moral Sentiments" published in 175, which discusses standards of ethical conduct that hold society together, with emphasis on the harmony of human motives and activities under a beneficent Providence.

Smith left the university in 1764 to tutor the young Duke of Buccleuch.From 1764 to 1766 they lived and traveled throughout France and Switzerland, where he came into contact with intellectual leaders and contemporaries such as Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Francois Quesnay and Anne-Robert- Jacques Turgot. He returned home to Kirkcaldy for ten years.

In 1776, Adam moved to London.He published "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which examines in detail the consequences of economic freedom.It further covers concepts such as the role of self-interest, the division of labor, the function of markets, and the international implications of a laissez-faire economy.This is also the same year that the Declaration of Independence was signed.

Adam was appointed to a post of commissioner of customs in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1778.He never married.He died there two years later on July 17,170, after an illness.

Published Works

The Theory of Moral Sentiments

The Theory of Moral Sentiments was looked at as a work on ethics and human nature.Adam Smith's book sold out in weeks.After Adam Smith wrote this book, he was called upon to act as a political advisor.The writing of this book started Adam Smith's career.Although The Theory of Moral Sentiments started Smith's career, it did not make him famous.Smith became famous after his second book, The Wealth of Nations, was published.

In this book Adam Smith asked the most fundamental questions, why do we regard certain actions or intentions with approval in others? In Adam's time, opinion was divided.Some held that only the standard of right and wrong was the law who made it, and others thought that moral principles could be worked out.

I think that Adam Smith went in different directions; He believed that people are born with a moral sense.In addition, he believed that our conscience tells us what is right and wrong, not something given to us by someone in a high society or by rational analysis.Adam Smith thought that it was a natural feeling, which he called sympathy.Therefore, our nature senses of conscience and sympathy ensure that human beings can live together in a social organization.The Theory of Moral Sentiments is a new liberalism, in which social gathering is seen of the human action but not a human design.

The Wealth of the Nations

In 1776, Adam Smith published his greatest book called The Wealth of Nations.Actually, the full title is An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.This book was published at a time when the power of free trade and competition as stimulants to innovation and progress was barely understood.During this time Governments were heavily involved in the economy.Governments would grant monopolies and give subsidiaries to protect their own merchants, farmers and manufacturers against "unfair" competition.Local merchants and artisans of one town were banned from traveling to other towns to find work.There were even local and national laws to bar the use of new, laborsaving machinery.Smith disputed against this restrictive, regulated system and showed convincingly how the principles of free trade, competition and choice would grow economic development.The Wealth of the Nations changed our understanding of the economic world.

The productivity of labor is what Smith was primarily interested in.This is the main topic of four of the five books into which this book is divided.Basically, the causes of the wealth of nations are mostly about the nations becoming wealthy due to the labor becoming more productive.Smith believes labor is more productive due to labor being more specialized, not because of improved machinery.

The plan of the book

Book 1 is concerned with "the causes of this improvement in the productive powers of nature, and the order, according to which its produce is naturally distributed among the different ranks and conditions of men in the society." It is important to notice that the division of labor is limited by the extent of the market.The more people there are involved in mutual exchange, the more specialized each can be.

Book is about the nature of capital stock.It entails the manner in which capital stock is gradually accumulated, and of the different quantities of labor, which it puts into motion, according to the different ways in which it is employed.Capital stock is connected with the division of labor in that the accumulation of stock is relevant because it will help further the division of labor.

Book is said to be something of a digression.The natural progress of wealth is from agriculture to manufacture or rather from country to town.However, this was not so in Europe.In Europe, labor productivity could not improve in rural areas until towns and long-distance trade had developed.Smith explains that towns progressed first due to political reasons. Book leads us in to Book 4 by connecting the importance of political factors in the development of the wealth of nations.

Book 4 pertains to the "theories of political economy." The two main theories that are introduced in this book are "mercantile" and "physiocrat". The mercantile theory was the theory that a nation's wealth is increased mostly by export industry.The physiocrat theory was the theory that a nation's wealth is increased mostly by agriculture.Smith suggests that a nation's wealth is increased by whatever industry is the most profitable and produces the greatest surplus.The point in Book 4 is that the government should not try to direct industry into export industry, agriculture, or any other direction.The government should allow the industry to go in whatever directions private individuals find profitable.

Book 5 finishes the book and is about the revenue of the commonwealth.The first four books dealt with the wealth of individuals of which the nation is composed, but Book 5 dealt with the wealth of the nation as a political entity.In this book were the necessary expenses of government, taxation, and public debt.Smith discusses the public support of education and religion.

Adam Smith has been called the father of modern economics.Through his writings in The Wealth of Nations, Smith developed a systematic discussion of concepts such as the division of labor, the origin and use of money, how prices and wages are determined, profits, income inequalities, how capital is accumulated and used, why different nations have achieved different levels of wealth, taxations, and political economy.Smith was the first to show how government interventions in natural markets create unproductive outcomes.The Wealth of Nations had an enormous impact on our understanding of the economic world.

Economic Theory

Adam Smith is known as the founder of modern economics. He wrote a book called The Wealth of Nations over 00 years ago, which may be one of the most important books ever written because it is a book that is still talked about today. The book was a study of what was known in Smith's day as the political economy but what we currently refer to as economics.

Adam Smith was a libertarian; he advocated maximizing individual rights and minimizing the role of the state. He believed in liberty, free will and freedom of choice. This was an important issue of his time because in Scotland during the seventeenth century people who worked in coal and salt mines were bound by birth to become a miner or salter as their father had been.

As a professor at Glasgow University, Smith was a friend with a man by the name of James Watt. Watt had spent time in London learning to make mathematical instruments but was not allowed to practice his trade because he was not an apprentice to the Corporation of Hammermen. However Glasgow allowed him to work at the university and perform experiments in his trade. It was during this time that James Watt developed what led to the first steam engine, a major discovery of the time. Had the college not stepped in and allowed Watt the freedom to work it is uncertain if the outcome would have been the same.

The market economy of the US operates by the voluntary exchange in a free market. The free trade has become know as laissez faire, or "let alone," "let men do as they please" policy where the people are allowed to be free in their economic pursuits and are not controlled by a central authority. Smith never used the term laissez-faire in his book he referred to the "simple secret of perfect liberty"

As a student of Glasgow University in England he witnessed first hand the infringement of free trade. The ships that came to port had very high taxes placed on their goods by the monarchy of the time.

Some people feel when Adam Smith referred to the "invisible hand" in his book that he was referring to God. He talks about the "invisible hand" that directs man's selfish instincts so that they serve a divine purpose.

Smith "invisible hand" is a metaphor that explains how each individual's pursuit of private gain can nevertheless add up to the good of society.

Led by an invisible hand to promote an end, which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for society that it was no part of it. By pursing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it.

When Smith was young he learned an important lesson about labor from watching the workers at the local nail factory. He later wrote about his experience, describing how as team of workers each performing a specific task could make more nails faster than any one individually could make. This same story was used to answer the question, "What makes for the wealth of nations?"

Labor is important to the wealth of a nation

This wealth should be shared by the workers not to a King

The society cannot be wealthy and happy if most of the people are poor and miserable.

Major contributions of Adam Smith

Adam Smith is called the father of modern economics.

Although he lived over two cenago, his tenets of economic principles are still applicable in our world today. He recognized and described major concepts in economics. Smiths' book The Wealth of A1ation.s is noted to be the first serious attempt to study the nature of capital and the historical development of industry and commerce among European nations. According to Wallace

,

"Smith's Wealth of Nations represents the first serious attempt in the history of economic thought to divorce the study of political economy from the related fields of political science, ethics and jurisprudence. It embodies a penetrating analysis of the processes whereby economic wealth is produced and distributed and demonstrates the fundamental sources of all income, that is, the basic forms in which wealth is distributed, are rent, wages, and profits."

Adam Smith was part of a group of theorists who were concerned with

economic thought. Some of his ideals were the results of those interactions. According to Lappe

, Smith's work The Theory of Moral Sentiments, in which he outlined his philosophy of human nature, was the psychological foundation for the later work; The Wealth of Nations. She points out that the utilitarian principle; The greatest happiness for the greatest number of people is much of the basis of the Wealth of Nations.In essence, Adam Smith recognized and communicated the influence of the human psyche on the economic decision making process.The formalized much of the economic theorists world views.

Major concepts

Gross domestic product

From the 1400's to the 1700's, the major European trading nations used an economic system known as mercantilism.

This was a system where governmental policies were established to promote exports and to discourage imports for the purpose of accumulating gold and silver.

He saw the source of wealth not just as the accumulation of precious metals, but as the nation's production of

"necessaries, comforts and conveniences of life" or, as he put it, "the annual produce of the land and the labor of the people."

Adam held that measure of a nation's wealth is its gross domestic product, (GDP). Today that is one of the foundations of modern economic. Sievert and Dodge

give the definition of gross domestic product as "the dollar value of all final goods and services produced in a nation in a year with resources located in that nation". Gross domestic product is the measure used worldwide to determine the wealth of a nation.

Free trade or free enterprise

Mercantile system was used by countries two hundred years ago. This was a system that supported the concept that the wealth of a nation was measured by the amount of gold and silver it possessed. To possess that wealth countries practiced the mercantilism system. Sievert and Dodge

describe this system as a system "where the governmental policies were established to promote exports and discourage imports for the purpose of accumulating gold and silver." In essence imports would drain a countries gold and silver, leaving it poorer. Smith proposed that if the measure of wealth was the GDP wealth would not be lost but would be enhanced by commercial intercourse; Free trade.

Today, free trade is the policy of permitting the people of a country to buy and sell where they please without restrictions. Time has shown that free trade helps nations prosper. The United States has free trade agreements with many world countries. Economist Jeffery Shott

describes The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as an example of free trade agreements. It is a pact that unites Canada, Mexico and the United States in a free-trade zone. Advocates of free trade agreements praise NAFTA as a giant step into the world economic community.

The Invisible Hand

Adam Smith described the concept of the invisible hand. This is the idea that

"there exists a guiding hand in industry that guides it in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in

this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention."

Today, in a free market economy, that concept is still appropriate. That hand guides the decision making process that helps to benefit society. The thought is that sometimes it is more efficient and beneficial not to produce. The decision is grounded in the pursuit of

self interest. The choice is based on who owns the means of producing, and how the economy responds.

Laissez-faire

In Adam Smith's era, the economy, state and church were intertwined. Industry owed

its allegiance to the government. Indeed, the government granted or refused permission to industry the right to produce and market their product. Smith offered that there should be a complete separation of economy and state. This basis is based on private ownership of the means of production, which entails a completely uncontrolled and unregulated economy where land is privately owned. It is based on a doctrine of individual rights. This means that every person has the right to operate in industry without government interference, as long as he does not violate the rights of others.

In a free market economy the principle of laissez-faire is followed. The government should not and does not interfere in the free operation of the market place. It allow the market demands to be guided by the "invisible hand".

These are only a few of the major contributions that Adam Smith presented to the world in his work, The Wealth of Nations. An examination of them will explain why Adam Smith is called the father of modern economics. Although he lived over two centuries ago, his tenets of economic principles are sound and applicable in our world today.

Group Thought

One of the books referenced during research refers to the drawbacks of the free market as "Adam Smith's Mistake." The only point that the book could make is that society cannot be predicted. The author criticized Adam Smith for being too trusting and expecting everyone to be honest. It is said that the self-interest theory does not work because of cheating and stealing. We feel that dishonesty is just a part of society that must be dealt with but cannot allow it to invalidate the whole economic system.

Adam Smith had a major influence on economic policy in the late eight-teenth and early nine-teenth centuries, with much of that influence still carrying on today.He partly built his reputation with the "invisible hand" theory, which he explains how rational self-interest in a free market economy leads to economic well-being.

Please note that this sample paper on Adam Smith is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Adam Smith, we are here to assist you.Your research papers on Adam Smith will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Borderline Personality Disorder: A Journal Reaction Paper

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Running head BORDERLINE PERSONALITY NEW RECOMMENDATIONS

Borderline Personality Disorder New Recommendations

A Reaction Paper

Borderline Personality Disorder New Recommendations

Reaction Paper

A.(00) Borderline Personality Disorder New Recommendations.Harvard Mental Health Letter, Vol. 18 Issue, 4

B.The article discusses various aspects of Borderline Personality Disorder their behavior, treatment options and recommended medications.A committee of experts appointed by the American Psychiatric Association issued the article's information.

C.Viewpoint

This article was one the best guides to Borderline Personality I have ever encountered.Being fairly new to the mental health field, I found it to be very helpful in understanding the dynamics of this disorder.The article was very easy to read, and is suitable for any audience.

The article began by informing the reader that borderline

personality disorder is one of the most difficult diagnosis to deal with.It lists various personality traits of these consumers

·Erractic mood

·Instability in personal realationships

·Low self-image

·Often anxious or severely depressed, and may have panic attacks.

·Difficulty controlling anger

·Reckless behavior

·Paranoid ideations

·Often make suicide attempts, overdose of mutilate themselves by cutting or burning

These are the exact traits of one my consumers, whom I will call Mickie.Mickie is an 18 year-old African-African female who presented to the clinic as an Axis 1 Adjustment Disorder with anxious mood and an Axis Borderline Personality Disorder.She reported actively using cocaine, marijuana, and alcohol.She had several cuts on both of her arms, and she was disheveled.The other case managers warned me that no has ever been able to establish a rapport with her.I decided to give it a try.

I have had Mickie on my caseload for the past months.During this time, she hugged me, cursed me, given me compliments, and submitted complaints.She reported to the clinic crying one day reporting that she was scared to go back to her apartment because there were people waiting there to beat her up.I was at a total lost on how to help her.

Through reading this guide, I have regained hope of Mickie's recovery.The guide suggests doing role-playing exercises which will allow the consumer to re-enact past conflicts.It also states to be aware of countertransference, where the casemanager (therapist in the article) may reflect there own strong feelings back to the consumer.I have encountered this on several occasions, I now I know how to act on it.

The article also recommends another technique confrontation.I have always been afraid to use confrontation with personality disorders, but the guide gives ways of applying the confrontation technique without flaring the consumer's temper .It is also listed to provide supportive therapy, which is simply listening to the consumer and offering confort and reassurance.

Boundaries is another problem that the article mentions.It states that strong boundaries are needed to limit counselor's and consumer's involvement in each other's lives.This point was helpful to me because at one point Mickie would come to me for every issue she encountered.For example, she had to go court one day for shoplifting, and wanted me to accompany her.Due to New Horizons' legal policies, staff cannot speak in court unless they are subpoenaed.Now I know that I should have applied boundaries be telling her that she committed the crime, and she has to face the consequences alone.

Borderline personality disorder has always been a diagnosis I have tried to avoid in my work.After reading this guide, I have gained insight on many of the problems I have encountered, with simple solutions.I would highly recommend this article to be read by people that are new to the mental health field.

(00) Borderline Personality Disorder New Recommendations.Harvard Mental Health Letter, Vol. 18 Issue, 4Please note that this sample paper on Borderline Personality Disorder: A Journal Reaction Paper is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Borderline Personality Disorder: A Journal Reaction Paper, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Borderline Personality Disorder: A Journal Reaction Paper will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Business Etiquette

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Business Etiquette

The Importance of Etiquette has always been an important part of life, be it social or business. However, it seems that business etiquette is has become more important in the last decade. This is mainly due to the fact that the business world is becoming more global and that "relationship selling" has become must for success. Etiquette is important for a variety of reasons. It helps to ease what might become and uneasy situation and can make or break business relationships that are worth millions of dollars. In essence, etiquette helps people to understand what is appropriate in any situation. It is also important to know the difference between business protocol and business etiquette. Business protocol determines what actions you take in a situation. Etiquette tells you how to take those actions. According to Ann Marie Sabath, there are a few guidelines that professionals should follow. Firstly, be proactive. Find ways to establish relationships with clients before they need to purchase something from you. Secondly, send a thank-you note. If someone is willing to give you 15 minutes of their time than they deserve a written thank-you. And thirdly, be a good sport. Even if you have been turned down by a client, thank them for giving consideration to your company (Bass, 000). The Effects of Social Etiquette on the Business World The business world of the past encompasses a predominantly male environment with innate, discerned guidelines. Today, the business arena has changed with the civil rights movement and the entry of women into the workplace. The changes continue to evolve with other sociocultural issues. In order to be successful in the business world a masterization of business etiquette is imperative. There is a sizeable difference between social etiquette and business etiquette. Social etiquette is primarily based on chivalry, which includes the concept of protecting women. Business etiquette, on the other hand, includes military origins based on hierarchy of power. This effects the behavior in the business world in as much as men and women are treated equally as peers. For example, if one should hold the door open for a woman, he/she should open a door for a man in the same situation. Regardless of gender doors are held open for superiors, clients, peers following close on one heels and anyone with inaccessible hands. For a situation, that embodies a revolving door one should precede first, in order to keep the door moving then wait on the other side. Basically the new Golden Rule should be applied in all situations; treat others, as they themselves would like to be treated. How to Conduct Proper Introductions Few people know how to conduct introductions in a proper fashion, yet they are an important aspect of our daily life. In the social realm, men are introduced to women. In the business realm, the less important person is introduced to the person of greater importance, regardless of either gender. Though a key aspect to remember is that the name of the person being introduced is mentioned last, and the person to whom the introduction is made is mentioned first. It is also critical to remember that the client is the biggest priority, even if he/she holds a lesser title. In the business world the handshake is the accepted physical greeting which accompanies the introduction. With the entrance of women into the business world came kissing. This has caused confusion in male-female business etiquette, therefore, men and women should be treated equally by using the handshake. In order to shake hands properly the thumbs are up and the webs touch before wrapping the fingers around the other person's hand. Although, in social etiquette the woman is to extend her hand first. In the business arena it is of no concern. Nametag placement is also important so that it becomes easy to read while shaking hands. The nametag is to be placed high on the right shoulder, so that when shaking hands, the eye follows the arm line to the other person's right side. Effective Telephone Communication is a Must Effective telephone communication is a must in the business world. At home, "hello" is a proper greeting when receiving a phone call. However, in the business world the word hello would not be appropriate. When answering a business call it is appropriate to identify yourself and the company or corporation you work for. For example, "Good afternoon, Deskjet International, John Doe speaking." One of the most crucial mistakes made while answering the phone is to ask, "Who is calling?" This alerts the caller that calls are being screened and in a rude way. If calls must be screened, "He/she has just stepped out may I get your name and number?" would be more courteous. The best way to avoid someone asking you "Who is calling?" is to state your name. "This is John Doe with Deskjet Inc." Another important rule to follow during phone conversation is to keep your call short and to the point. When you call someone at work it is keeping him or her from doing their job. A Thank-You Letter Your Last Impression Writing thank-you letters to your customers or associates is another aspect of proper business etiquette. The key in writing thank-you letters is similar to making phone calls. When writing thank-you letters do not waste the person's time by using wordy phrases that are not needed. Be precise and sincere in your gratitude. For example, "Thank you for your help with our fund raiser it was greatly appreciated." By using specific references you avoid rambling and wasting the person's time. Common Courtesy in the Workplace While working in the office it is important to use proper business etiquette. The main complaint by secretaries is that their boss ignores them until the boss requests something. This leaves the secretary feeling unappreciated and belittled. A boss should acknowledge people as soon as he/she walks in the office. Common courtesy and personal manners can go a long way in making people feel appreciated. Proper Dining Etiquette for the Business World In a world that is fast paced, it seems business luncheons have become a mainstay in conducting business. In transacting with a client, the lunch is still a meeting. One that requires planning, taking care of details, and making sure the lunch is as pleasant as can be, which includes showing proper etiquette and manners. Though it may seem that our eating habits and table manners would go unnoticed in an every day eating environment, the business luncheon pays close attention to the details. One shows great poise in the office, in the planning meeting, and when giving a presentation and therefore, the poise should be extended at the business luncheon. When a professional conducts a business luncheon, they should extend an invitation to the client. Inquire about any food preferences and about any particular restaurants they may prefer. You do not want to make any assumptions as to what the client or customer may prefer. It is seen as thoughtful and courteous when giving your guest the choice to make any recommendations. If your guest has no preferences, have a few names of conveniently located restaurants. It may be best to have been to these restaurants before suggesting them because you do not want to seem unfamiliar with the ambiance. This way you can suggest several of the menu items and the maitre d' will probably recognize you. After you have inquired about the preferences, the next thing to do is make the reservations. When making the reservations, put them in your name, inform the reservation person that it is a business lunch and request a quiet table (one that is not near the kitchen, washroom, or cash register). Now on the day of the lunch, arrive on time and wait for your client in the foyer and greet them there, not at the bar or table. If you are going to be late, out of simple courtesy call the restaurant ahead of time and let them know you will be late. Every table in a restaurant has a power seat. This power seat faces the audience and lets you or your client fully see everyone seated at the table. It is customary to give this seat to the client because the power seat faces the audience. The power seat comes from a military lore, in which the general would never sit with his back to the door or to the main body of the room. When ordering, it is a good idea to order something you are familiar with and not to order something that is heavily spiced, too exotic, or food that is too messy. Another thing to be aware of is how many drinks to order. It may be customary in a social setting to have a few drinks during your meal, but at a business lunch you should keep the drink to one. Because, after all, it is a business lunch and you want to sell the client on what you have to offer not on how many drink you can down. During the course of the meal it is fine to dispense with the pleasantries in the opening but after that keep the conversation involving around the business at hand. Conduct your self in a business manner as if you were in the boardroom and were trying to sell your client on your idea. Because if you continue to talk socially, it distracts form the real reason you and your client have met for lunch. But do not let the time for lunch keep on going and linger on and on. You, as well as your client, may have to be somewhere after lunch and can not be late, so it is better to keep and eye on the time and not let things get carried away. Be respectful of ht time and when you feel you have reached the peak point in the meeting and/or it seems and end has come tot he conversation and you might be drifting into some other conversation, it is time to subtly end the meal and pay the bill. When you have finished your meal, it is appropriate to place your cutlery on your plate in a click position of ten to four. The knife is place with the sharp edge toward you and the fork goes to the left of it. Now come the time for paying the bill. A polished host never lets the bill come to the table. The host has already made arrangements for paying the bill ahead of time, and if the host comes to this restaurant a lost, there may already be an account set up. One of the ways to ensure that the bill never comes tot the table, when you arrive give the maitre d' your credit card to make a print of and then at some point towards the end of the meal, excuse yourself and go sign the receipt. This is a good idea for both men and women so there does not seem to be any awkwardness in who should be paying for the lunch when the bill arrives. So when it is time to leave and your client asks about the bill, you can simply reply, "It's been taken care of." Netiquette and the Business World Netiquette is the code of etiquette for communicating by computer on the Internet. In today's business world, being familiar with the rules of conduct will provide guidelines for keeping the relationship between consumers and businesses a happy one. In 17 alone, there were 6.7 trillion e-mail messages exchanges on the Internet. Communicating by the Internet is no different from writing on your company letterhead. Just because e-mail is more immediate, doesn't mean it should be less personable. A business should keep in mind that a degree of formality is required. Computer networks bring people together who would otherwise never meet. But the impersonality of the Internet changes the meeting to something less personal. According to Media Matrix, as recently as 16, education sites dominated the top 15 list of most visited sites. The top 15 that year included no e-commerce sites. Today, nearly all of the top web-site destinations offer content, communications, community, and commerce. The growing of e-commerce should cause all businesses to make sure that their etiquette is in line with rules of netiquette. The basic rule of netiquette is to show consideration for the other party, to remember they are human. When communicating electronically, all you see is a computer screen. You don't have the opportunity to use facial expressions, gestures, and the tone of your voice to communicate your meaning words are all that you have. It is easy to forget your correspondent's meaning and easy to forget that your correspondent is a person with feelings like your own. There are some basic principles that are known as netiquette. One of the first is to identify yourself. Nobody would ever send a letter or a voicemail without identifying themselves. Yet people sometimes forget to include some personal information about themselves, such as a name, phone number, e-mail address, or memorable quote. It is not good netiquette for your respondent to have to ask if you are male or female, if you are an individual or corporation, or if you just use your initials. Not identifying yourself defeats the whole purpose of time saving that the Internet allows the user to have, since the sender will unlikely get a reply with the information they want the first time. In line with proper netiquette is the use of capital letters. A person should never type in all capital letters. This is considered shouting or screaming online. This should be reserved for words you may want to emphasis or stress. It is physically harder for the human eye to have to read all capital letter messages and simply poor form. Considering that nobody ever wrote a normal letter entirely in capital letters, users should not do this to their e-mail messages either. Also it is important to remember not to format your e-mails by using assorted colors and excessive bolding. Businesses with older e-mail clients may not be able to read your e-mails and some people just don't appreciate them. One of the biggest ways people neglect the principles of netiquette is in just not paying attention. You should read all outgoing e-mail carefully, checking for errors in both grammar and spelling. It is common courtesy to go back and make a check on your work. Most computer programs have a spell check and it takes only a moment to catch all the little spelling mistakes. If you are trying to impress a prospect or new client, nothing will damage your message more that a message with careless errors. Most people will receive e-mails that you could classify a "rude" in nature. The best advice is to not respond immediately, if at all. People are very bold and overly critical on the other side of the screen. Most of these people tend to point out things they think you need improvement on while not even noticing the good or positive points on the very same issue. It is often best to just hit delete and forget about it, instead of replying. Whenever you send e-mails they are not private and they're no way to take them back. They pass through a sophisticated network of computers with the possibility of interception at every point. The "rude" message is unacceptable in the online community. In organizing the message of the e-mail, your goal should be to make it as brief as possible without forfeiting any of the meaning of the message. Business messages will usually be longer than personal notes. Keep in mind this a communicating. When replying to an e-mail, you will often be replying to only part of the received message. It saves space to copy the part you are responding too and paste it with your reply than to copy the whole message. Don't use symbols, such as "smileys" which show if you are happy or sad. These are fine for personal notes but are quite inappropriate for business use. The meanings of your words should be contained within the words themselves, and not need additional explanation with symbols. Most business use unsolicited e-mail or junk e-mail. This is the electronic equivalent of junk postal mail and direct mail selling. In the competing business world, companies use this type of selling to attract new customers. Junk postal mail is considered by many to be annoying and wasteful, but junk e-mail is even more so. With postal mail you can throw the envelope away unread. With e-mail, you have to take the time to read it to find that you didn't want it. It is therefore time-wasting, inconsiderate, and very bad netiquette. Yet direct mail works for businesses, so they need to keep in mind the basic rule of business netiquette, which is to show consideration for the other person. Businesses should therefore condense solicitations to one or two lines instead of 5 pages. Competition globally is becoming more and more of an issue for companies today. Therefore they have to keep in consideration the international side of netiquette. Its quite appropriate to be friendly, but don't overdo it. It wastes space and reading time for your reader. They are difficult to read by someone not absolutely fluent in your language. People in many countries find the friendly nature of Americans over-bearing at first, so go easy with the courtesies. Short, plain sentences are easier for someone reading in a language other their own. It is also more appropriate to write in a formal tone. It's easy and natural to progress from formal to friendly, but it weakens your standing to have to go backwards from friendly to formal. In regard to junk e-mail, it is important to remember to keep it short and remember that privacy is held in a higher regard in other countries compared to the United States. The business community must respect that for all the potential the Internet offers; it is also a personal place. The rules that govern netiquette are an attempt to produce an ongoing, proper relationship with their consumers. The potential that makes the Internet such an attractive place for e-commerce growth carries with it a responsibility. In today's business world, it is imperative to know the proper etiquette required for different situations. Etiquette allows people to understand what is appropriate behavior in a given situation and then adjust accordingly. We, as business professionals, must change our business etiquette to conform around the change social dynamics of the world. However, there is an important rule to remember. Business etiquette knows no gender, only the hierarchy of your organization and the importance of your clientele. It is this importance place on your clients that imposes the thank-you letter rule. Always write a thank-you letter because it is quite possible the last impression that you make. When "wining and dining" your clients, you must remember one thing there is no such thing as being too prepared. After all, it is still a business meeting. You should always respect your clients eating habits and never allow the check to come to the table. The Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives. It is very easy to slip into "casual speak" when dealing with business e-mails. However, business professionals should keep in mind that they are dealing with other businesses and the same formality use when face-to-face should be used for writing and sending business e-mails. It may also be a good idea to take a few tips from the pros…literally. There are several services that provided by etiquette consultants. Many of these services can be found online or in your nearest bookstore. Knowledge it the most important aspect of good business etiquette.

Please note that this sample paper on Business Etiquette is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Business Etiquette, we are here to assist you.Your research papers on Business Etiquette will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!