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INTRODUCTION
I chose the subject of Raphael for my research because I find his work very exciting and full of inspiration since first seeing his work, Christ on the Cross (attachment 1), in a book.I especially like his interpretation of biblical scenes.His most famous works are classic examples of High Renaissance art commissioned by the Vatican
Research Questions
I wanted to answer the following questions in my research of Raphael
·Who was this person and what was his childhood like?
·Who and/or what influenced him to select his subjects?
·How did he develop his style of painting?
·Why did he choose to paint for the Pope?
·How did he influence those who came behind him?
My research is presented in three sections.These are
1.Early life and training
.Styles and influences
.Major works and masterpieces
Through my research of the information shown in my bibliography and as outlined here, I learned a great deal about Raphael, his life, and his art.I have a great amount of respect for him and his work.Although his more famous Renaissance contemporaries, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, get more attention than Raphael, I think that his contribution to art is much more meaningful for me.I am glad that I chose Raphael for my subject and that I had a chance to learn more about this great artist. I recommend that anyone interested in the High Renaissance period review his pictures and his art.
EARLY LIFE AND TRAINING
Raffaello Sanzio was the son of a painter, Giovanni Santi and Magia di Batrtista Ciarla.He was born in 148 in the Italian duchy of Urbino.Urbino was a small center of advanced artistic ideas.Raphael's father encouraged him to learn from these artists.The court of Urbino is where Raphael was introduced to the human element of art and was the stimulus for his subsequent learning.His extraordinary talent as a painter was evident at the age of 17.
In 145, Raphael moved to Perugia where he studied under a noted painter, Pietro Perugino.Raphael absorbed Perugino's style as his own. He assisted Perugino with frescoes he was painting between 148 and 1500.Raphael learned quickly and between 1501 and 150, he received a commission to paint his first major works, the Coronation of the Virgin (attachment 1), for the church of San Fancisco, Perugia followed by the Marriage of the Virgin (attachment 1).
Perugino is credited with influencing the "softness" that Raphael used in his art.However, Raphael's style was much different from his teacher's in that his figures are less formal and more animated. His figures are described as having gentle relationship between anda "sweetness" about them.
STYLE AND INFLUENCES
Raphael matured in his talent at Perugia.In 1504, he moved to Florence, the center of the Renassiance masters, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who were at the high point of their careers.Studying under these and other great art masters, Raphael's style expanded in Florence.Da Vinci's painting, Madonna and Child with St. Anne, influence on Raphael and came to life in the many Madonna paintings he did between 1505 and 1507.One of his most notable madonnas is Madonna with Child painted in 1505 (attachment ).
Raphael learned the "Florentine" method of painting pyramidal masses of figures, where each figure in a group retains its own shape and definition. From da Vinci, Raphael also learned the use of lighting and shading.He went beyond Leonardo, however, in creating his own style where faces are round, gentle and serene and display typical human sentiments and expressions.
The high point of Raphael's work in Florence was his painting, The Deposition of Christ (attachment ).Raphael was much influenced in this work by the style of Michelangelo in his use of the expression.However, Raphael's figures are calmer and outgoing than the severe figures of da Vinci and Michelangelo.
Pope Julius II, asked Raphael, in 1508, to come to Rome to work for the Vatican.Although he was only 5 and very young for such major work, Raphael's career as a master artist moved steadily forward.He gained the favor of the Pope and was very popular in Rome.
During his last twelve years of life, he worked energetically on many masterpieces.His first commission was to decorate the Papal apartment with frescoes which he completed over many years.Raphael's fresco in the rooms called the Stanza della Segnatura, painted from 1508 to 1511is called his greatest work and includes four famous masterpieces the Disputa, School of Athens, Parnassus¸ and Cardinal Virtues.The two most famous of these are Disputa and School of Athens.
The Disputa (attachment ) is a celestial vision of God, his prophets, apostles and church representatives.It represents the triumph of the Roman Catholic Church and the triumph of truth.
The School of Athens (attachment ) is a secular piece that shows the Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato surrounded by philosophers who came before and after them.It represents the continual progression of Platonic thought.The complex scene includes groups of men with Plato and Aristotle at the central focus point.This fresco is considered to be one of the best examples and the culmination of High Renaissance art.
Raphael continued to work for the Vatican after the death of Pope Julius II in 151.Julius's successor, Pope Leo X, hired Raphael to complete his work on the Papal rooms in the Vatican.In contrast to the previous Stanza della Segnatura, the frescoes in the later rooms were more bold in subject and more dramatic lighting and colors.
As he did in Florence, Raphael continued to paint madonnas in Rome.His Roman madonnas are more energetic and bold.He was considered the most important portrait painter in Rome at this time.His advanced work at portraits is shown in his most famous, Leo X with Two Cardinals, painted in 1517-151 (attachment 4).
Raphael also worked as an architect having designed the church of Sant' Eligio degli Orefici in 151.He also studied archeology and Leo X appointed him to take charge of Roman antiquities in 1515 as well as all the Vatican's art projects at the time.
The last masterpiece by Raphael, the Transfiguration, (attachment 4) was commissioned by the Pope in 1517 and was not yet complete when Raphael died in 150.It was completed by his follower and student, Giulio Romano after his death and now hangs in the Vatican Museum.
Raphael spent his life creating art that reflected his life of inspiration where there was little tension or doubt.He transferred thought and harmony from his life to his work that has been studied and admired in all periods since his death.
On 6 April 150, his 7th birthday, Raphael died in Rome and was buried in the Pantheon in Rome.He had helped make Rome the most important center of art and culture and the focal point of the Renaissance.
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