Wake up to your weight problem

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Australian childrens lives are at risk. Obesity has become the disease of the twenty-first century, with the number of obese children …almost doubling between 185 and 000 (Australian Heart foundation, 001).The school canteen, once a place visited on Fridays for a rare treat, is now a fast-food haven for greasy chips, cholesterol-filled hamburgers and sugary sweets. Clearly, school canteens should not be able to sell junk foods. In a society that constantly promotes improved health through controlled diet and consistent exercise, we are dangerously close to abusing our youth, due to advertising and commercialisation of what we eat, and the general convenience of the new Plague, hiding behind the user-friendly title of fast food.

When children across Australia leave home for school in the morning, millions are doing so without a home-made lunch. Nutritious snacks are being swapped for packaged products, and when they arrive at the canteen to purchase some lunch, the situation rarely improves. Instead of being offered a selection of healthy, low fat, high-fibre fruits, rolls and pastas, they are confronted with a myriad of brightly coloured, chemically enhanced products, which barely qualify as food, and could certainly not be considered fuel for the day. In contrast, those foods which are healthier alternatives are often not placed in a prominent position in the canteen, nor are they promoted by colourful signs, splashed with trendy names, as are many of their more flamboyant and interesting competitors icy-poles, chocolate bars and packaged chips.

Additionally, carbonated, or fizzy drinks, such as the dominant Coke and Fanta brands have been identified as posing significant health-risks when frequently consumed. Professor John Catford, Dean of Health and Behavioural Sciences at Deakin University, urges schools to consider the dangerous consequences faced by children addicted to fizzy drinks These [soft drinks] really are unnecessary nutritionally and they are just adding calories to diets. The statistics provided by Deakin University, relating to the consumption of carbonated beverages are not merely worrying for the nations children; they are shocking and deeply disturbing for the community as a whole, indicating that …a staggering seventy percent of five to eight year-olds drink soft-drinks daily. Schools particularly, must become more active in the promotion of healthy foods and drinks, and must facilitate this with better nutritional practises in the canteen. Professor Catford further reiterates his concern, by suggesting the elimination of carbonated drinks from canteen menus I would like schools not to sell soft drinks and to encourage parents not to send their children to school with soft drinks.

Australia must show initiative and take a more definitive stance on the types of foods offered in school canteens, if the health of the next generation is to improve. Weight-loss centres, slimming magazines and campaigns to educate children and adults about what constitutes a healthy diet are clearly not achieving a significant enough impact as present. Whilst some would argue that the democratic society in which we live should allow its citizens the power of choice and control over what they consume, it is a sad fact that many parents and schools are failing to establish strict rules about what children eat. Certainly, highly influential advertising campaigns, promoting foods which are medically proven to have negative effects, is in no way positive for the development and improvement of our society.

If good habits are formed early in life, older children, and young adults will be more likely to make more informed, positive decisions about diet than if they are simply left to choose whatever foods they like, without really understanding the negative impacts their choice will have on their health. This is the true essence of a democracy a careful blend of choice and responsibility - and that is why schools must ensure that canteens remain places that promote healthier eating, within an environment of education and information.

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Marketing Plan

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1. Directorial Summary

Raklap BT. (Pallet BT.) was established in 1 and our results so far shows that, there is a need within the area of transportation for wooden containers, pallets and boxes/cases. We can say, the our business is a profitable one. In order to upkeep and improve our position however, we have to make such efforts which will enable us to

- make the companys name publicly known

- to make the customers look for us

- increase our sales

We are going to name our goal and the necessary steps, yet to be taken in this marketing plan. Thanks to the appropriately prepared marketing activities the range of our customer is going to broadening, therefore the business can achieve its goals. The main goal we would like to achieve is

- to realise 0% more profit than last year by increasing the rate of selling of our new products, by using appropriate marketing strategy and activities.

. Marketing situation

.1 Market situation

In this chapter we are going to inform you about the companys market position.

The main part of selling is concentrated to Gyöngyös, where our where the warehouse we are renting is located, and which also functions as our main selling location. The businesss profile is both to supply single customers directly and also functions as a wholesale. The products sold by the company are

- EURO pallets

- containers

- apple-boxes

- boxes for other fruits

- boxes for special equipment and special purpose wooden cases

The company also offers different kind of services, such as

- fulfilling special orders

- home delivery inside Hungary

- taking part in different Exhibition and also does sponsoring activities

Inspecting our suppliers

We get the wood/wooden parts essential to make our products from the Morvai lumberyard which is located in Gyöngyös - the same place where our business is located. In case we need any kind of metal parts or products we buy it from Pintr metal factory which is in Kecel.

Morvai lumberyard is a Hungarian business, which is selling wood from the Matra, which is not only good for us because it is a good quality wood, but also, because the company is located near ours, therefore the transportation costs can be kept low.

Pintr Industries proved to be the most reliable partner, not far from our warehouse, they can also solve the problem of transportation by themselves, which makes our work easier. Last but not least, they are the cheapest source of metal part and products. It is true to both companies, that the more we order from there, the cheaper we get it. Usually, we order times a month from our partners, the only exception is if there is a special order.

Inspecting the target segments

Our company is dealing with wide range of products, in many varieties and colours. The company is profile is to supply all those companies and businesses and private customers who are transporting and selling and kind of agricultural or industrial products. They usually like our products thanks to the high quality we offer at a reasonable price.

.1.1. Defining the target segment

Those are the one belonging to this segments, whose needs are almost the same. From demographically point of view the targets are

Age 0-50 yo

Gender male, female customers

Income

- middle

- high class

Job

- Sole traders

- entrepreneur

Hobbies gardening

Place of living

- countryside

- smaller towns

.1.. Defining the customer's needs in the target segments

Deines the reason why the customer is going to buy our product. These can be as follows

- products which function as working equipment

- everyday transportation-supporting products

- hobby products

.1.. Customers value judgement

Defines those product characteristics that are preferred by the buyers. There are different in different market segments.

1. For those customers, for whom our products means working equipment, the following characteristics are important

- heavy duty tolerance

- quality

- meet with the expectations

For these kind of products price is not primary concern.

. Products for every day usage and hobby usage

Order of preference

- price

- design

- quality

.1.4 Buying habits

Distribution plays an important role. With the appropriate market survey we can define

how/when and where the customer buys the products. Most of our products require pre thinking because they are usually high price products and customers buys them in big numbers and for mid or long term. They prefer to buy such products where technical help and advise is available.

.1.5 Size of target segments, and summing up market share

In recent years, the demand for the kind of products grew. This is because of the growing number of supermarket, and the rise in the number of those companies in Hungary that are dealing with transportation. Our products are also popular between those who are doing agricultural kind of businesses. Therefore it is quite difficult to define the market segment, but it is a very wide segment, for sure.

In terms of market share, we would like to know in the given market segment, how many people chose to buy our products. This number is getting higher and higher and now it is around 40%.This number in not going to change significantly, as the products we are selling are not fashion products.

. Status of the product

In this chapter we are going to define the characteristics, the attributes and the functionality of the products. We are also going to analyse in what extent do our products satisfy the customers needs. Our company orientated to sell many kind of products

- EURO pallets

- containers

- apple-boxes

- boxes for other fruits

- boxes for special equipment and special purpose wooden cases

We can not create different groups according to the different attributes, as all of them are new products. According to this

- very high quality

- reliability

- competitive price

Our companys relationship to our competitors

Our main competitor is Csaba s Tsa. co. They, dont have such wide range of products, as we do. Their main profile is mostly to sell boxes for fruits.

..1. Cost cover quota and profit

The fact that our company is selling a wide range of products means, however we can create different product groups, however we can not separate groups within the product groups according to the prices and functionality. Therefore it is quite difficult to calculate the cost-cover quota.

. Competition

By competition we mean when there is or more companies - competing with each other in order to - trying to satisfy the customers needs. Our main competitor Csaba s Tsa co, though, they are selling less kind of products than we are. They store is located 0km from ours, but their prices are significantly higher. Therefore they are not that serious competitors for us.

.4 Distribution status

We need distribution in order to provide the on of our most important aim of our business. To make sure that the products we sell get to the customer and to the market. Our company completes its wooden parts needs through ordering. We pay by money transferring. Our producers are professional, profit orientated, high quality product producer, professional companies, that are in the market for long years.

.5 Macroeconomical situation

1. Demographical situation

Measuring the population, according to its content, rises and falls. In the last few years, and in the next few coming years, the population is decreasing in Hungary, which can have a negative effect on the economy.

. Economical situation

Hungarys economy is on the beginning of a rising track.

Global situation

open market in the country,

we are in the stage of development,

trying to achieve balance,

low wage/person.

. Technical situation

In the technical life, the emphasis is put on fast development. Which can be supported by newly developed, advanced technology.

4. Political situation

Hungary is on the road to stabilisation, which means no significant changes in political life can be expected. It is important because any change in political life has its effect on the economy. In 1. Marc Hungary joined the NATO, in next Marc, we are going to join the EU.

5. Law and legal system

The Hungarian legal system is regulated and now in the stage of synchronisation with the EU standards. There are minor problems though, because there are many newly created laws, and because of the unfilled gap in the new laws, there were many changes recently. The taxing system is modern but overcomplicated.

6. Social and cultural situation

Social

The different layers of the Hungarian society, can not be considered as stable in term of wage/person.

Main problem that layer which meant the basis in term of marketing, disappeared. One half of them got into higher classes, the others felt behind.

The main goal is therefore, to support the mid classes.

This phase is very important, because it is significant whether a countrys social status is stable or not.

Cultural

There are cultural differences in different parts of the region, therefor the cultural and religious differences have to be taken into consideration. However, as our company is operating in the country only, we have less to do with all this.

4. Analysing the problems and possibilities

4.1 Possibilities and dangers

Mostly it is valid for our external environment. Analysing the possibilities and the dangers from the market side.

Possibilities

- expansion of the market

- expansion of product line.

Danger

- possibility of the a new, strong competitors turning up

- fast changes in the environment, which can make out position weaker

- discounts from competitors, we just dont have the right answer to, like regular discounts

. Strengths and weaknesses

It is about the internal situation of the company. Which is the consequence of the competitors. We can see, what did our competitor right, and also can see the mistakes they made.

Strengths

- professionalism, knowledge

- performance based wages

- friendly working environment

- customer orientated company

- dealing with special needs, services

- cheap raw materials

- sort waiting times

- what you see/or want is what you get

- stable relationship with the transporting companies

Weaknesses

- lack of marketing

. Analysing the main questions

In the life of a company, all of the listed factors are important. We can not concentrate for instance only for special orders, however our company by taking doing this is unique in the area, and we are also one of very few in the country. Professionalism is also very important, because this way, our advisors can help the customer to find what he/she really needs and not what we want to sell them. This would improve their satisfactory, therefor it can be a good marketing activity, by itself. With more intensive marketing, we can increase our sales (e.g. commercials, advertisements, etc.).It is particularly good if our employees can see the companies goal as their own, because this means motivation. Our weakness it that we dont have marketing at the moment, by having so, our company can became more widely known, therefore we can increase sales.

4. Goals

4.1 Financial goals

Primary objective achieve profitability.

It will be proportional to the turnover, which means that, in case of 45.60.000 Ft turnover, the expenses would be 5.640.000 Ft.

Expectedly the income before taxes will also grow, and by the end of the year it would reach 1.70.000 Ft.

4. Marketing aims

To transform out goals to marketing goals.

Our main aim in marketing is to make the name of the company and its products publicly known, therefore we can expect an expansion in the number of our customers. Which also means our turnover (therefore out profit) would increase.

5.0 Marketing strategy

We have defined previously that our main objective is to gain as much profit as it is possible. In this chapter we are concentrating on how and what should we do in order to achieve our goal. There are a many alternative ways what we can chose from in this process, now we should chose the one which is most appropriate

- make an average price for all of our products

- increase the number of products

- increase advertising activity

Pallet Bt. would like to use the last option in order to expand its market share. To expand our market share we would like to expand our current market according to the followings

1. Looking for new users

expanding the market in a given market segment we should convince those who did not yes use our products to use it.

new market segments we should advertise our products between those potential customers who are currently not our own.

The expanding rate of the market can be increased further by the followings

- introduction of new products with new design, as the new products are multifunctional (not only applicable for one purpose as before) we can convince the users to use our products for other purpose

- the main goal of our marketing campaign - which will be launched next year - is to draw the attention of those customers who are not yet our own to our products, and those customer's attention who are already buying from us to our new products

In the marketing activity we are going to use our undisputed wide rage of products and quality, and expertise.

5.1 Strategy

Target market

We are paying special attention to those customers for who our products means work equipment, we have to target agricultural suppliers and producers as their output is getting higher and higher.

Main products parameters

special design, multifunctional reliable high quality products, additional services

Product group

undertaking more special and individual tasks.

Price

our prices can not be higher than those of our competitors, most of our products are chapter than the ones offered by our rivals. Those products however, which are higher in cost are offering - not simply but - but significantly higher quality than any other products in the market.

Selling location

we are selling our products at the companys park.

Services

free, correct and professional advise to anyone who is interested in our products.

Advertising

means our strategy which is targeting the potential market segments

in the advertisements and commercials we are going to make advantage of the companys name, fame, reliability and the quality.

Goal to convince any person in a given market segment who have not yet bought either any of our products or any kind of products we or our rivals sell to do it so.

In new market segments however, our main aim is to popularise our products.

Buying-inspiring

Placing goods to locations where we sell our products and also at other places what can be associated with those activities what a potential customer can/could use our products for. For example Exhibitions, Sales, etc.

The main issue here is whether the prices plays an important role or not in a given market segment and where is the price positioned in the eye of the potential customer in the order or preference. In most segments however, price is a primary issue, only a very few can afford to pay for higher quality. Even though, in this market our prices are considered as low, we need buying inspiring promotions in order to draw the customers attention to our higher price products.

For instance, supplier companies have 5% discount on our products.

Market survey

In order to get to know our competitors and our potential customer's habits better we shall need a detailed market survey. But as it is almost impossible to collect all the relevant information we are concentrating only on the main issues.

6. Executing the plans

Executing the strategies and plans we saw above means

how much is it going to cost, who, where, when and what has to be done

In February, taking part in the Agira market exhibition. Expenses 150.000 Ft.

January, spreading throwaways. Expenses 50.000 Ft.

March, commercial in the local radio station. Expenses 00.000 Ft.

In summer taking part in the National fair, (BNV). Expenses 500.000 Ft.

Discounts in the Autumn, when there is the harvesting season. Expenses 500.000 Ft.

We can see clearly how much money would be required for each marketing activity. The expected marketing expenses are 1.500.000 Ft.

Expected profit, losses

By knowing the plans the are to be executed, we can get an image of the budget. In this phase however out task is not to calculate the profit/losses to the whole company, but to calculate them regarding the different marketing activities. We have to measure somehow, each of our marketing activities effectiveness in order to clarify, which changes

In the attached profit/losses calculations we can see clearly the effects of each marketing activity. Briefly speaking

Sales the expected income from sales.

Good purchasing paying to our transporter companies.

Wages wages of our workers.

Taxes TB you have to pay (Social Insurance).

Energy costs bills.

Depreciation the calculated average depreciation for the products.

Transferring/delivery costs the cost of transferring the products.

Marketing expenses new advertisements, throwaways, radio commercials, costs of exhibitions.

The effect of marketing activities to the expected profit

The consumers can be informed about our presence in the Agria Fair, as we are going to inform them in advance by throwaways in January.

The Agria Fair is an exhibition which aim is to allow the current/potential customer to get to know our products. The cost of this is not proportional to the income, as the marketing cost is well above the value of income. Usually the effects of such kind of exhibitions can be sensed later. However, the company is expecting and extra 10.000 Ft income thanks to this which is supposed to be increasing later on in the year, also thanks to the discounts in the Autumn.

Summary

Thanks to the marketing activities our company will become widely known. Therefore, in a given market segments even those are going to buy our products who have not done it yet, because the company was unknown to them. Meanwhile out products will become popular in other market segments as well. The sales/income are both going to increase, therefor the money we invest in different marketing activities are going to pay out.

Please note that this sample paper on Marketing Plan is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Marketing Plan, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Marketing Plan will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Tourism in Guatemala

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Tourism is considered as one of the most important sources of economic benefit

to a country.Although it is not evident, because in recent times large numbers of people have come to Guatemala to enjoy the beauty and the colors of the "Land of Eternal Spring"..Local people encounter this demand in the form of profit generation. People argue that tourism in Guatemala has brought wealth and well being for the majority of the local people, but some are starting to notice the negative sides. Tourism is also known for creating job opportunities and promoting social relations, and especially helps better understanding between nations. However, there is "a growing body of empirical evidence that the so called 'benefits' of tourism are often greatly outweighed by the substantial long term social and environmental costs incurred" (Mercer, 14). In the case of Guatemala, many of tourism's economic and social benefits that are thought to be helpful for the country, are actually unreal ideals, and that instead of helping Guatemala they are damaging both the economic well being and many of its social values.

Looking first to the supposed economic benefits of tourism in Guatemala, tourist

expenditures create a huge variety of sources of income. According to a 18 visitor

study (Tourism in Guatemala, 18), most of the people that visit Guatemala are

interested in seeing cultural and natural landscapes, such as ancient Mayan ruins. Even

though these are the most popular places to visit, some tourists are interested in

seeking new adventures and looking for some entertainment. Tourists contribute mostly to the local economy by spending money on transportation, accommodation, food, entertainment and souvenirs. Results from this same study show that in the period between December15 to February 000 more than 0% of tourists stayed in hotels or similar accommodations. This study also shows that almost 60% of tourists expenditure was on hotels, restaurants, and bars, and just 0% was on transport, tours and entertainment (Tourism in Guatemala, 18). This study suggests that tourists to Guatemala are helping to create jobs based on making them feel welcome while at the same time they are helping to put cash into the economy by paying directly for services.

On the other hand, there are many down sides to tourism. Guatemala does not have the money to own and maintain businesses such as large airline companies or tourist hotels. These businesses are owned by other countries such as the United States and Mexico or multinational corporations. As a result, most of the money from travel and accommodations, which constitute the biggest part of tourists expenses goes directly to companies from other countries. According to Gustavo Segura ("Turismo en Guatemala El reto de la Competitivadad", other countries receive slightly less than 50% of all tourist expenditures, which leaves Guatemala's companies with almost the same profit. It is likely that these disproportionate shares of control of the tourist dollar will have spin off effects on the social fabric. As Segura claims, the crucial factor in determining the level of negative social impacts is the degree to which local participation in the ownership and control of the industry is undermined (Segura 18). Tourism in Guatemala appears to have provided significant economic benefit to people from other countries rather than to the local people. This may well have a negative impact on the social fabric.

Another thing that is viewed as an economic benefit of tourism is the creation of jobs. However according Segura, many important jobs such as managerial or supervisory positions are filled with many people from other countries, leaving Guatemalans with only the lesser paying jobs.Again, there is a clear difference between local and non-local

participation in the economic benefits of tourism in terms of who does what

job. Another unintended negative effect in tourism is that tourism employment is seen as easy money compared to traditional Guatemalan's occupations such as agriculture, foresting, and fishing. These jobs are without a doubt an important to Guatemala's. Guatemalans appear mainly to receive money or economic benefits by working in under paid jobs while the country's labor force is taken away from other important areas of economic activity at the same time.

Turning to the supposed social benefits of tourism, there are also some problems

beneath the surface ideals. In order to take advantage of any money tourists are willing to spend, Guatemalans try to attract tourists with their own enterprises. But tourists have their own set of images about the culture before they even set foot in the country, and when they arrive they seek to affirm these images. Tourists usually only want to see what is pleasant and enjoyable, whether or not they are experiencing truly authentic

features of a society. This mindset explains the popularity of the traditional ancient Mayan ruins and the colonial places with special handicrafts. The cost in cultural terms is borne out further by another reality lying behind the ideal that tourism benefits society. Tourism is claimed to draw different cultures together. However, what often results from this mixing of different cultures of first and third world populations is cultural envy (Mrida,15).With increased exposure to the lifestyles of countries to the north and south of Guatemala, local people start to emulate aspects of other cultures such as the use of drugs and the consumption of alcohol, with the expected negative results. All of

these less than ideal realities beneath a positive surface indicate that as far as the Guatemalans are concerned the social costs of tourism are too high to justify the low financial return that tourism offers to the local people.

The problems caused by tourism do not have to continue, however. Lopez writes that tourism can provide economic benefits in less socially damaging and economically more effective forms.For example, "The Real Tourism" contains a detailed discussion of an appropriate model for tourism development based on the experience of the Caribbean Islands, and in a recent discussion of the role of ecotourism in other

countries of the Pacific, John Hall concludes to neglect the social dimension

of development and peoples relationship to their environment is in opposition to the principles of sustainable development. He cites a study of ecotourism in the Caribbean Islands where development proposals served only to reinforce the power and wealth of big men at the expense of the wider indigenous community. Guatemala can perhaps avoid the reinforcement of similar existing power relations if tourist planning could be more under the control of those affected by it.

Control of Guatemala tourism industry by local people, training of local

people and advice from those outsiders working alongside in a partnership mode could bring many more benefits and fewer costs.

Bibliography

Mercer, D. Native peoples and tourism Conflict and compromise.

Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann.14.

Merida, Rafael. The cost of Tourism in Guatemala. Guatemala 15

Segura, Gustavo. "Turismo en Guatemala El reto de la Competitivadad".

http//www.incae.ac.cr/ES/clacds/investigacion/pdf/cen610filcorr.pdf

Paredes, Diego. "Travel to Guatemala".Guatemala.

http//www.guatemala.travel.com.gt/ietemenu.htm

http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gt.htmlPlease note that this sample paper on Tourism in Guatemala is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Tourism in Guatemala, we are here to assist you.Your college papers on Tourism in Guatemala will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

HOW MUCH CREDIT CAN ANTI-WAR MOVEMENTS HOLD FOR ENDING AUSTRALIAN AND AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE VIETNAM WAR?

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Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in HOW MUCH CREDIT CAN ANTI-WAR MOVEMENTS HOLD FOR ENDING AUSTRALIAN AND AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE VIETNAM WAR?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your HOW MUCH CREDIT CAN ANTI-WAR MOVEMENTS HOLD FOR ENDING AUSTRALIAN AND AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE VIETNAM WAR? paper at affordable prices!

SYNOPSIS

Gerster and Bassett assert that "whatever their earnest historiographical intentions" may be, much of the literature written about the Sixties, "are contrived exercises in myth-making" .This essay argues that the historical accounts and assessments, not only of the Sixties as a whole, but parts from that period, which, for the purpose of this essay, will be the Vietnam War and opposition to it, have also become "buttressed by conflicting myths" .The reasons why the term 'myth' will be applied to those different arguments concerning the amount of credit anti-war movements can hold, for ending Australian and American involvement in the Vietnam War are as follows.Firstly, the application of the word 'myth' suggests that some aspects of that era have been blown out of proportion or, have taken on connotations that may not be entirely correct.Secondly, while such myths may not be wholly true, they are nonetheless important, as they "inform part of (the) historical understandings of the war", and opposition to it .An analysis of the different myths regarding the extent to which anti-war movements can hold credit, for ending Australian and American involvement in the Vietnam War will be undertaken. This essay will argue that because such a large and wide range of works written about the anti-war movements exist, and, in particular on the amount of credit they can hold for ending Australian and American involvement in the Vietnam War, shows that these movements are integral to our understandings of not only the Vietnam War and opposition to it, but also the social, political and economic environment that shaped the Sixties decade.This essay contends that the Vietnam War had different effects on Australian and American society - for example, American involvement in the war was far greater, military casualties were higher and debate and protest against the war was conducted on a greater scale in comparison to Australia .The essay will also argue that while anti-war movements in Australia and America can indeed hold some credit, they were not the sole nor were they the deciding factor for ending each countries involvement in the Vietnam War.The failure of both countries to successfully engage in guerrilla warfare with the North Vietnamese Army, the mounting costs of the war, and growing unrest and conflict within each nation, can also take considerable credit for ending Australian and American involvement in the Vietnam War.Therefore, this essay contends that while the anti-war movements did not end Australian and American involvement in the Vietnam War by itself, it was an important factor in ending both countries involvement by placing the Vietnam conflict into the public sphere for debate and scrutiny, and, by setting boundaries of what was deemed as "acceptable" conduct in Vietnam, which prevented both governments from "stepping beyond them" .

QUESTION TWO

HOW MUCH CREDIT CAN ANTI-WAR MOVEMENTS HOLD FOR ENDING AUSTRALIAN AND AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE VIETNAM WAR?

Merchandised "like no other epoch in world history", the Sixties have (in the following decades), become a "cultural commodity", that has been "… plundered relentlessly for its mythopoeic associations" .For example, the popular image of the anti-war movements "unbroken maturing of opposition" against the Vietnam War, that culminated in the successful Moratorium in 170, (which demanded immediate Australian troop withdrawal from Vietnam), is "an attractive myth … (that) … resonates with a vision of enlightenment" .Such an image however, ignores the fact that the development of the anti-war movements and their activities leading up to the Moratorium, was "difficult and uneven", and, had even gone through "a pronounced slump" after the 166 Federal elections.Moreover, Australian involvement in the Vietnam War ended nearly a year and a half later in December 171 .Hence, as stated by Grey, myths "… distort and conceal as much as they explicate" .This essay seeks to debunk certain myths in regards to the amount of credit anti-war movements can hold, for ending Australian and American involvement in the Vietnam War.Before examining how much credit these anti-war movements can hold, the economic, social and political conditions that gave rise to the anti-war movements in both countries will first be examined.The differences and similarities between the anti-war movements in Australia and the United States of America will then be discussed.This essay will define the anti-war movements in both Australia and America as an "extremely fluid … inchoate mass of people in a shifting and largely leaderless coalition" that were united in opposition to American and Australian involvement in the Vietnam War.The different myths regarding how much credit these anti-war movements can hold, for ending Australian and American involvement in the Vietnam War, will then be discussed.These will include those myths that assert that the anti-war movements can hold little or no credit, to those myths which have the anti-war movements playing a defining role in ending both countries involvement in the Vietnam War.This essay will then assert that the wide range of works written in regards to the role anti-war movements had, in ending Australian and American involvement in the Vietnam War, shows how significant these anti-war movements were.In other words, if the anti-war movements were not vital in our understanding of the events which ended Australian and American involvement in the Vietnam War, such a comprehensive range of works on the subject matter would not exist .This essay will also assert that the anti-war movements were a significant factor in ending Australian and American involvement in the Vietnam War, along with the failure of both America and Australia to adjust to guerrilla warfare, the rising costs of the war, and, growing internal unrest and conflict within both countries.Hence, while the anti-war movements can indeed hold some credit, it was not the sole nor was it the deciding factor that ended Australian and American involvement in the Vietnam War.Rather, it will be argued that the anti-war movements successfully campaigned in increasing public awareness, debate and scrutiny in both countries and, "set the parameters of acceptable … conduct … and restrained … (the governments) … from stepping beyond them" .

As stated by Pierce, the Sixties were a "… period of economic advances in Australia, ample enough to foster the illusion of illimitable future prosperity" .Similarly, the United States of America also experienced favourable economic conditions, with President Johnson placing his faith in America's seemingly "vast wealth … and … its limitless capacities" to fund, both his 'Great Society' program and the Vietnam War at the same time.Such prosperous economic times led to many social benefits, which can be seen on one level, through the increasing number of students in both Australia and America furthering their education, by going on to university - a place which would become a major centre for the anti-war movements.

Curthoys correctly states that the "Vietnam experience overall was probably less profound and influential here (Australia) than there (America)" .For example, more troops were sent, casualties were higher, and social upheaval and unrest on the domestic front was far greater in America than in Australia .In terms of the anti-war movements in both Australia and the United States of America, the former was "definitely and significantly influenced … freely borrowing ideas, images, slogans and organisational practices" from the latter.With the military draft in America and the introduction of conscription in Australia directly affecting those of university age, it comes as no surprise that the anti-war movements were, as stated by Brown, "dominated by the students and it was the students who were the vital component of the movement" .

CONCLUSION

As stated by Gerster and Bassett, Vietnam "… was virtually unknown in Australia before the early 160s" .Lyndon B. Johnson, (former President of the United States of America during most of the Vietnam War) once dismissed Vietnam as a "raggedy-ass little fourth rate country" .However, by the end of the Sixties and the first half of the Seventies, Australian and American involvement in this country became the focal point of debate and protest in both social and political spheres.Consisting of an "extremely fluid … inchoate mass of people in a shifting and largely leaderless coalition", the anti-war movements were led mainly by university students that were united in their opposition to Australian and American involvement in the Vietnam War.As stated by Caute, the anti-war movements were led by university students who were "… the sons and daughters of the most privileged sections of the population rebelled"

Used by various individuals and/or groups, to denote the Sixties as a unique period in time, the Sixties can be seen as a trademark, with the latter defined as "the name or other symbol used by a manufacturer to distinguish his(her) products from those of competitors" .

In many ways, it is hard to be objective in regards to the Vietnam War and the role of the anti-war movements.After all, as stated by Fromkin and Chace "it was … an intensely personal, subjective experience" .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

·Brown, T. Louise, War and Aftermath in Vietnam, Routledge, London, 11

·Crowley, F.K., Modern Australia in Documents, Volume 5 (1-170), Wren Publishing, Melbourne, 17

·Dabscheck, Braham The Struggle for Australian Industrial Relations, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 15

·Fromkin, David and Chace, James 'What Are The Lessons Of Vietnam?', Foreign Affairs, Volume 6, Number 4, Spring 185, pp. 7-746

·Gelb, Leslie H., 'The Essential Domino American Politics and Vietnam', Foreign Affairs, Volume 50, Number, April 17, pp. 45-475

·Grey, Jeffrey and Doyle, Jeff (Editors) Vietnam War, Myth and Memory (Comparative Perspectives on Australia's War in Vietnam), Allen and Unwin, St. Leonards, 1

·Gustainis, J. Justin American Rhetoric and the Vietnam War, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 1

·King, Peter (Editor) Australia's Vietnam Australia in the Second Indo-China War, George Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 18

·Lake, Anthony (Editor) The Vietnam Legacy The War, American Society and the Future of American Foreign Policy, New York University Press, New York, 176

·Lipset, Seymour M. 'Polls and Protests', Foreign Affairs, Volume 4, Number, April 171, pp. 548-555

·Lowe, Peter (Editor) The Vietnam War, Macmillan Press Ltd., London, 18

·Wheeler, John, 'Coming To Grips With Vietnam', Foreign Affairs, Volume 6, Number 4, Spring 185, pp. 747-758 Please note that this sample paper on HOW MUCH CREDIT CAN ANTI-WAR MOVEMENTS HOLD FOR ENDING AUSTRALIAN AND AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE VIETNAM WAR? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on HOW MUCH CREDIT CAN ANTI-WAR MOVEMENTS HOLD FOR ENDING AUSTRALIAN AND AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE VIETNAM WAR?, we are here to assist you.Your research papers on HOW MUCH CREDIT CAN ANTI-WAR MOVEMENTS HOLD FOR ENDING AUSTRALIAN AND AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE VIETNAM WAR? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Revolutionaries in the mexican Revolution

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Revolutionaries vs. reformers in the Mexican revolution

In Mexico between 110 and 10 the country underwent a series of revolutions. It underwent so many that in some said it was compared to an old fashioned record moving at a speed of 1/ revolutions per minute. Some of the men that took over seized power for personal pleasure and others for philanthropy. But in the course of these revolutions some were sought out to bring a complete governmental change and were revolutionaries, and other tried only to reform the government for the good of the people. These leaders consisted of Madero, Villa, Zapata, Huerta, Orzoco, Carranza, and Obregon.

Francisco Madero was known by reputation as a philanthropist and a model citizen. He tried to help the people. By some was known as the chocolate fool for his habit of giving chocolate to little kids (Lanning 4). He never smoked, drank or even ate meat. Madero then became disturbed by the actions of Diaz; in 104 Diaz had increased the length of the presidential term from four years to six and selected a highly unpopular politician named Ramón Corral as vice-presidential candidate. By choosing a man as widely disliked as Corral, Diaz operated on the cynical principle of look what would follow if you got rid of me. Tension between the Diaz and Madero built in 108 Madero wrote a book about the succession of the president.Then in 110 Diaz had Madero jailed for enticing a rebellion. Then escaped jail to the US and plotted his revolutionary(Lanning ). Madero was unhappy with Diaz's actions and his choice of VP. Prices of food and land were too inflated for common man to afford. Madero had also lost the 110 election and was seeking power He now wanted to overthrow the government and then became a revolutionary with reforms. Then when Madero crossed over the border he had his revolution. With the help of Pancho Villa, Pascual Orzoco, and Emiliano Zapata, he defeated the Diaz army at Juarez. In 110 in San Antonio, Madero announces the Plan de San Luis Potosi which declared the 110 election invalid and said Madero had been elected president; But after the battle he and Orzoco had a large dispute over the life of General Navarro and Orzoco became extremely upset with Diaz's decision to let him live. Madero did try his best as a revolutionary but did little to reform the government. Under Diaz the average person was worse off than they were in 1810. There were then no reforms under him and none at all until Aguascalientes Convention of 114( Moses 1). Eventually this revolutionary was ousted from power by Huerta who was a former general of his who came to disrespect him in a dispute over finances, and denied being governor of Chihuahua. Therefore it can be concluded that he wanted to reform the government but in order to do so had to become a revolutionary. Madero also poorly conducted out his goals of the revolution to restore food, and land to the people and failed as a reformer. Pancho Villa was another man in the Mexican revolution that was both a revolutionary and a reformer. He joined the Madero revolution as a general and then remained loyal to his cause. Villa had a history of Robin Hood Type reforms. He killed a man for harming his sister in his early life and stole cattle to give to the poor (Katz 56). Villa also never drank alcohol. But he was one of the revolutionaries that sided with Madero. Villa was known as a rowdy gunfighter (Katz 1). He had no personal reforms that he wanted to take place and fought battles to help reformers and therefore could be considered as either a revolutionary or a reformer.

Huerta was a man notorious for his drinking and stupidity, and only tried to seize the power of the government for revenge. He was a revolutionary. Huerta after he heard that he was to account for the funds that he lost when was hired to fight against Orzoco. Huerta then changed sides and immediately went to take control and bring down Huerta. He staged battles against Diaz (nephew of Porfio) in order to stir things up in a plot to take the presidency with Diaz (Cline 58). Then Huerta forces Madero out of power and seizes the presidency. Huerta's ego was enlarged after the battles he won against Orzoco and therefore showed no political reform and only cared about power. Soon after he was forced out of the presidency this revolution was based only on vengeance and no reform took place(Lanning 64).

Orzoco split off from the Madero forces n March, 11, and he announced his revolt against the Madero government, thereby driving the anti-Madero movement. Many called him as a traitor. Then he decided to beat out Huerta and become a reformer by saying that after the battle of Rellano, on March, was the high-water mark of the Orozquista military campaign. Two days after it Orozco issued his Plan Orozquista, which called for the abolition of company stores, the payment of all workers in legal tender rather than company scrip, and other reforms(Alman 64). After Huerta, who at the time had been hired to fight Orzoco, seized the presidency Orzoco then joined him of hoping to get his reforms across.Orzoco had some reforms that he wanted to get across and not just a search for power, even though he was after power. In comparison was a revolutionary that did take over and stage a coup on the government.

Emialiano Zapata was a true reformer to help the people. He helped out Madero in the revolution. And when it was over met with Madero and asked him to exert pressure on the provisional president to return the land to the ejidos( Womack 7). Madero insisted on the disarmament of the guerrillas and offered Zapata recompense so that he could buy land, an offer that Zapata rejected. Zapata began to disarm his forces but stopped when the provisional president sent the army against the guerrillas. Then Zapata decided that Madero had failed as a reformer and drew up The Plan of Ayala. Madero was elected president in August 111, and Zapata met with him again but without success. With the help of a teacher, Otilio Montano, Zapata prepared the Plan of Ayala, which declared Madero incapable of fulfilling the goals of the revolution. The signers renewed the revolution and promised to appoint a provisional president until there could be elections. They also vowed to return the stolen land to the ejidos by expropriating, with payment, a third of the area of the haciendas; those haciendas that refused to accept this plan would have their lands expropriated without compensation. Zapata adopted the slogan Tierra y Libertad. In the course of his campaigns, Zapata distributed lands taken from the haciendas (Womack 8). Zapata continued to fight for reform and invited the Constitutionalists (Carranza's men) to accept his Plan of Ayala and warned them that he would continue fighting independently until the plan was put to action. After this then Zapata joined forces with Pancho Villa and agreed on reforms which created agrarian commissions to distribute the land and he spent much time supervising their work to be sure they showed no favoritism and that the landowners did not corrupt its members. He established a Rural Loan Bank, the countrys first agricultural credit organization; he also tried to reorganize the sugar industry of Morelos into cooperatives. Zapata had by far the most reform and a new U.S. envoy; William Gates said, the true social revolution can be found among the Zapatistas.

Fighting against Zapata was Venustiano Carranza. Carranza switched sides to fight for Madero after Diaz had angered him by no backing him up for a governor position. He then joined the Madero forces. But after Huerta betrayed Madero and became dictator to draw up the Plan of Guadalupe, in which he refused to accept the powers of the dictator. And then he organized the Constitutionalist Army to defeat the new dictator. Huerta was forced to abandon the country in July 114 (Carranza). In 115 and 116, the need for reforms in seven fundamental areas of Mexican life became extremely apparent the agrarian sector, labor, sovereignty over natural resources, the relationship between the Church and the State, the role of the State in the economy, education and the political structure. In 115, Carranza issued the Law of January 6th, which conceived the ejido (collective farm) as compensation for injustice, rather than as a new system of land ownership. The ejido was intended to restore the territorial heritage of the dispossessed villages and to create new units with the land surrounding the villages; land would be expropriated for this purpose. Carranza then tried to reform the current way of life for Mexicans to bring back order. Then in 118, the Carranza Doctrine was issued; this document upholds the equality between the states and condemns all intervention in the internal affairs of other nations; it also covers the equivalent of the rights of nationals and of foreigners in the eyes of the law of a given country(Moses 8). Carranza overall led a life to seek out political reform and went for the issues tat were important and not the power positions.

The last and most successful member of the Spanish revolution was Obregon. He was part of the who were Obregon, Carranza and Villa that waged the successful campaign, which drove Huerta into exile in July 114. Then Obregon split up from the rest of the group in disputes. He then called for Plan of Agua Prieta, calling for Carranzas overthrow. This got him in power and then once in power became a powerful reformer. During his four-year term, he showed himself to be more a pragmatic reformer than a wild-eyed destroyer of existing political structures (Cline 48). He favored labor but also encouraged foreign investment and domestic private enterprise. Though he distributed almost ten times as much land to campesinos as Carranza, he differed from radicals in his administration by arguing that land distribution should be accompanied by instruction in the techniques of farming. Obregóns boldest initiatives were in the field of education. His Education Minister, Jos Vasconcelos, was a brilliant scholar with many innovative ideas (Lanning ). Under his supervision, the ministry held festivals and sponsored hundreds of idealistic young teachers who gladly went into the most remote sections of the country. Vasconcelos also took a lively interest in the arts and his ministry provided valuable teaching. Obregon overall was in for power but in the end was a very powerful reformer.

The Mexican revolution is summed up with having the Madero team of war initially rebel and then Huerta against them and Carranza against him, and then Obregon against him. Huerta and Orzoco wanted to kill Madero and were not after reform but power. Pancho Villa was after fighting and no after reform. Power hungry generals mask the crossing and double-crossing that went on shows us how close absolute power and anarchy are to each other, and how true good reformers.

Bibliography

- Alman, Lucas, Historia de Mexico, (SJ 15) 1-

- Cline, Howard F Mexico Revolution to Evolution, 110-160 (New York Vintage Books 1, 100-1710)

-Katz, Friedrich The Life and Times of Pancho Villa (NY Johnson press) 1-4

-Carranza, Venustiano PLAN DE GUADALUPE Veracruz, 114

-Lanning John T., Academic Culture in Spanish Americas.(NY, 155) 4-54

- Moses, Bernard, Old Mexico (NYAnn Arbor 15) 45-10

-John Womack, Jr, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution (New York Vintage Books, 168, 400-404).

Bibliography

- Alman, Lucas, Historia de Mexico, (SJ 15) 1-

- Cline, Howard F Mexico Revolution to Evolution, 110-160 (New York Vintage Books 1, 100-1710)

-Katz, Friedrich The Life and Times of Pancho Villa (NY Johnson press) 1-4

-Carranza, Venustiano PLAN DE GUADALUPE Veracruz, 114

-Lanning John T., Academic Culture in Spanish Americas.(NY, 155) 4-54

- Moses, Bernard, Old Mexico (NYAnn Arbor 15) 45-10

-John Womack, Jr, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution (New York Vintage Books, 168, 400-404).Please note that this sample paper on Revolutionaries in the mexican Revolution is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Revolutionaries in the mexican Revolution, we are here to assist you.Your research papers on Revolutionaries in the mexican Revolution will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Poem

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Leaving the air conditioned airport at San Salvador, one steps into another world -- a sultry land of tropical forests, volcanoes, and towering thunderheads. The atmosphere seems to rise up from the verdant landscape of rolling coffee fields, banana trees, mangos and coconut palms, moisture steaming off the slopes of volcanoes, rolling all around you.

Once you catch your breath, there is an unusual aroma in the air, a virtual potpourri of tropical fruits and flowers and jungle. But there is something else in the air as well. It is difficult to identify at first, and is vaguely suggestive of marijuana. But no matter where one goes in El Salvador, there is that scent. It is the smell of a smoldering fire.

My family recently spent nine days in El Salvador, staying with relatives in the working class barrios of Santa Ana and San Salvador. My wife, a Salvadorean, left her family in 177, immigrating illegally to the United States where she hoped to earn enough money to support her mother and three brothers. When she arrived at the airport in San Salvador, it was an emotional reunion She had not seen one of her brothers for twenty years, and met many of her nieces and nephews for the first time. Her family had suffered incredible hardships in El Salvador during her absence, as had the entire nation.

During the civil war, which began in 180 and did not end until December 1, 1, members of the National Guard roamed the working class neighborhoods and countryside in their fatigues and battle helmets, murdering entire families suspected of supporting the guerrillas of the Farabundo Martí Liberación Nacional -- the FMLN (also known as El Frente). There was a curfew at night back then, and the songs of crickets were often drowned out by the screams of men and women who were tortured and mutilated by death squads who did their work with impunity. Children walking the dusty streets of their barrios on their way to school would often encounter the bodies of those they had heard screaming in the dark of night.

But things have changed since the peace treaty was signed five years ago. The National Guard has been disbanded, replaced by a National Police made up of former soldiers and men who had fought with the FMLN. The death squads have, with a few exceptions, disappeared as well, though many of those who organized them, including the man who murdered Archbishop Oscar Romero, remain free men. Policemen patrol the streets now, dressed in starched-white shirts and blue pants and caps, armed with pistols instead of M-16s. Though there are still some officers who are corrupt (as there are in all nations) for the most part the only people who fear the National Police are criminals, which include members of gangs, many of whom were raised in the United States.

Gangs are a growing problem in the cities of El Salvador Graffiti is often scrawled on walls in English, and members pledge allegiance to groups with names like the 18th Street Gang. Though there is no longer a curfew, most people dare not venture into the streets after dark, frightened by the activities of these criminal groups as well as others that are homegrown, composed of former soldiers and disgruntled guerrillas.

What Has Changed Since The End of the War?

Yet if you ask most Salvadoreans, many things have changed for the better since the end of the war. People can now say what they think without fear of reprisal. In fact, in the municipal elections of March 16, the FMLN -- now a legal political party -- won stunning victories across the nation, including the mayoral positions in the countries two largest cities, San Salvador and Santa Ana. In 180, at the beginning of the civil war, the FMLN was characterized an evil agent of international communism. Now, seventeen years later, the most popular politician in the country is Hector Silva, the young, handsome and charismatic mayor of San Salvador elected as the candidate of the former guerrillas. If the national elections were held today, Mr. Silva, a doctor born in the United States, would very likely be elected president.

But despite such political changes, some things remain the same as they have for a century. Women still carry large, heavy baskets full of fruits and vegetables on their heads, walking calmly down the street, their arms at their sides. They pause in the dusty barrios and struggle to lower the baskets to the ground where neighbors buy tomatoes and chiles, celery and parsley, jocotes, lemons, papayas, and green mangos, all in plentiful supply. And in the countryside -- even in a city like Santa Ana -- it is not unusual to see men leading a pair of oxen down the street as they haul hand-made carts full of corn, sugar cane, wood, and other goods.

Even The Parrots Have Disappeared

Then there are the changes. Before the war, flocks of parrots babbled madly across the sky in huge, green clouds. They are gone now, having fled the country during the war to havens in nearby countries like Costa Rica. Iguanas, once a common sight, are rarely seen now, as are armadillos. No one knows if they were captured and sold in foreign countries or if they were simply the main course at dinnertime for one too many poor families. Dormilona, a fragile magical plant that appears to fall asleep when touched, is also difficult to find these days, though before the war it was as common as weeds.

Deforestation has become major problem facing El Salvador and is blamed for changes in the climate, including diminishing rainfall. Many mountains and hillsides that were once covered by pristine forests have been clear cut, thousands of acres leveled by the government during the war in an effort to deny guerrillas cover. Much of what remains of the forests is gradually being leveled to clear the way for cultivation, while other tracts of land are cleared by industry, especially foreign corporations building new factories in special economic zones. Cotton, once one of El Salvadors leading cash crops, is another casualty of the changes that have affected the country.

Another thing that has changed since the war is the virtual disappearance of the Pipiles -- descendants of the Mayan people who built pyramids and great cities long before the Spanish Conquest. Prior to 180, in towns and villages like Sosonate and Panchimalco, descendants of the Pipiles sold their wares in the town squares and on the streets. They wore brightly colored clothing and spoke the same tongues as their ancestors -- indigenous languages with names like Nahuatl. The Pipiles were one of the main targets of the Matanza of 1, a massacre of ,000 peasants by General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez, one of El Salvadors many dictators. General Martinez murdered peasants in the tens of thousands in order to crush a planned revolt organized by Farabundo Martí, the Salvadorean revolutionary from whom the FMLN derived their name.

Despite the Matanza of 1 and other acts of repression, the Pipiles still managed to survive. But during the 180s, many were finally forced to conceal their backgrounds once and for all, fearful of the brutal persecution exacted against suspected enemies by the government and its soldiers. Rather than risk extermination, many Pipiles learned to speak Spanish and to dress as other Salvadoreans do, the men wearing button-down shirts and slacks, or cotton pants and tee shirts, the women simple blouses and skirts. With the exception of certain areas in the countryside controlled by the guerrillas during the war, the only visible remains of the once great Pipil people are the pyramids, ruins, and digs visited by tourists and studied by archaeologists.

Radio Venceremos

During the war, a broad spectrum of people opposed to the dictatorship supported the FMLN. One of them was Marvin Galea, who broadcast from Radio Venceremos (We Shall Win), the clandestine radio of the guerrillas. Mr. Galea lived in the mountains in close proximity to the high command of the Frente. Today he works in San Salvador, still broadcasting from Radio Venceremos, which like the FMLN is legal now. However, Radio Venceremos is no longer affiliated with the former guerrillas, and Mr. Galea, an independent journalist, is critical of some of his former comrades. While in San Salvador, my wife and I interviewed him.

Mr. Galea and the station where he works is yet another example of the changes in El Salvador. Though one might expect revolutionary portraits of Che Guevara in the lobby of a station that broadcasts Radio Venceremos, there are none. Instead, there are album covers and pictures of Elvis Presley, The Beatles, and many popular salsa groups.

Though critical of what he referred to as some corrupt members of the FMLN, Mr. Galea is hardly a supporter of ARENA, the right-wing party whose leaders -- in particular, the late Roberto DAbuison -- were the architects and directors of The Repression. Once a target of the National Guard and death squads himself, Mr. Galea can now broadcast his thoughts freely throughout the country -- not an insignificant change for a man who once was forced to seek sanctuary with the guerrillas in the mountains.

The Twelve Apostles of Santa Elena

Mr. Galea points to the recent arrest of Roberto Mathies Hill, one of the wealthiest and most powerful men in the country, as further evidence that things have changed. Mr. Hill was arrested for bilking at least $155 million from depositors who participated in what has been described as a savings and loan scam. Mr. Galea reminded me that for a century, his country was ruled by an oligarchy commonly referred to as the fourteen families. Up until the elections in March of this year, it was inconceivable that a rich man would ever be charged, much less arrested, for a crime, especially if it involved corruption. Mr. Galea suggested that the arrest of Mr. Hill and others implicated is not simply the result of political changes that have occurred. In our interview, he said the unfolding scandal reveals a growing split between what was the ruling oligarchy and a new elite commonly referred to as The Twelve Apostles of Santa Elena, a name coined from an elegant neighborhood in San Salvador where many members of the new rich live.

According to Mr. Galea, investment bankers created new financial institutions when the formerly state-run banks were privatized during the administration of Alfredo Cristiani. They made their fortunes from investments which were the result of millions of US dollars sent to El Salvador by ex-patriots living in the United States, and by personally appropriating US tax dollars sent as aid to the right wing government during the war. Mr. Galea also speculated that these financial institutions may have profited by the laundering of hundreds of millions of narco dollars.

As these new financial institutions grew, interest rates soared. According to Mr. Galea, if a small businessman was to go to a Salvadorean bank and apply for a loan today, the interest rate could reach levels as high as 5%, though banks pay only 7% interest to those with savings accounts. Credit card holders are charged as much as 60% interest, an amount that Mr. Galea pointed out would be illegal in the United States. Such extraordinary rates are do, in part, to the fact that there are interlocking board of directors in El Salvador, meaning that a banker can sit on the boards of two or more different banks. Another reason Salvadorean banks are virtually free to do business as they choose is that there are no foreign banks in that nation.

The first case of massive fraud involved a company named Fumi Export, according to Mr. Galea. He alleged that 40 million Colones, or roughly 4 1/ million dollars, disappeared. Many people who had invested their life savings were devastated by the scam, and some committed suicide. But it wasnt until a financial institution called Finsepro/Insepro went broke that the banks and other establishments began to be investigated. Apparently, in the Finsepro scam, many of El Salvadors most illustrious families lost millions. Mr. Galea believes that the growing investigation of fraud reveals a rift between what remains of the so-called fourteen families, and the Twelve Apostles of Santa Elena. This breach is also reflected in the ARENA party.

In any event, many working people and the poor credit the FMLN for the investigations and can barely contain their joy at the prospect of wealthy men going to jail. Visiting the working class barrios and slums, one can understand why.

Please note that this sample paper on Poem is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Poem, we are here to assist you.Your research papers on Poem will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Challenges

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Everyone goes through a challenging moment or experience sometime throughout their life. A challenging time could be anything from learning how to turn on a VCR to taking over the family business. Graduating high school, getting my drivers license, boot camp, and moving away from friends and family were all hard for me. The most challenging experience in my life was trying to, and finally getting promoted to Corporal in the Marines.

In order to get promoted to Corporal in the Marines one needs to have been a Lance Corporal for at least months, and have the required score. The scores are combined from physical fitness, rifle qualification, and proficiency and conduct scores. It took me approximately twenty fout months to finally get promoted, because of the low rifle qualification scores I kept getting. A Marine does rifle qualification once per year for score and with all the other training you do as a Marine it is difficult to get some extra training in one specific place, such as rifle qualification for myself. This is a major set back for a marine who knows their job and that is ready to take on more responsibility, yet their only fault is lack of training. For me it was hard to keep from blowing up at some individuals who didn’t even understand the rank they were given, because all they were concerned about was the money and not responsibility

After finally getting the rank I so earned and desired, it didn’t mean much to me. I had felt like all the marines who would respect that rank and use it for what it was designed for would get promoted to late, and the other marines were just getting it given to them creating a group of poor leaders who had a lot to learn. Here I was finally a corporal understanding that I had a new position to train junior marines and to set examples for these marines to learn and build from giving them the ability to be a greater leader than their leaders. When you have a larger percent of the leaders not doing there job letting the junior marines slack the leadership starts to fade creating weak leaders. The junior marines start seeing all the leaders including the strong as weak.

Watching marines getting promoted and ignoring the barrier between junior and senior ranks makes you feel like there isn’t even a point in having the rank structure, maybe to just get a pay raise would be good enough. The first year being a marine I really didn’t see what was going on because I had no knowledge of the way the rank structure was supposed to work; however, my last three years it started to hit me harder and harder. Finally after a long struggle trying to make other marines realize what damage was being caused, and weighing out the pros and cons of re-enlisting or getting out I had to make the decision to call it quits.

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Dulce et decorum Est

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(i)How do sound devices and imagery in the poem contribute to the mood and increasing tension in the poem?

Owens use of exact diction and vivid figurative language emphasizes his point, showing that war is terrible and devastating. Furthermore, the utilization of extremely graphic imagery adds even more to his argument. Through compelling imagery, sound devices like alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia, the mood and increasing tension of the poem is mightily expressed. He uses vivid and graphic imagery to give the reader the exact feeling that he wanted. In the first stanza the pace is very slow and a painstaking rhythm is established through Owen's use of heavy, long words. This illustrates how painstaking and slow the war was.

The first clause 'Bent double,' is a hyperbole which creates the impression of extreme exhaustion and the image that is conveyed is that the soldiers are in excruciating agony. It underlines the fact that they are physically fatigued.'Like beggars under sacks' is a simile that illustrates that the men have no dignity left. It conjures the image of very dirty, disgustingly vile tramps, who have a nauseating stench. The way that Owen captures the appearance of the soldiers as cripples makes them seem distant to us, and the disjointed, monotonous way they are seen echoes this group of men, their disorderly fashion and their dull, repetitive journey. The mood of the poem is thus effectively and wittingly portrayed.

The appalling physical conditions that face these men are illustrated with the line 'Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through the sludge.' The alliterative 'Knock-kneed' slows and dulls down the tempo greatly. The simile compares the soldiers' physical condition to that of witches. By using 'cursed', the image created is that the soldiers were struggling and exhausted. The word 'trudge' is an onomatopoeia used to underline the fact that the pace is tremendously slow, creating the impression that the men have little strength or stamina left. Again, the solemn mood of the poem is mightily portrayed.

'Men marched asleep, many had lost their boots,' uses both alliteration and a hyperbole to illustrate how immensely exhausted they. Furthermore, it suggests that they are in a horrific condition and are facing extreme and excruciating pain. 'Drunk with fatigue,' is an expression that uses a metaphor to suggest that the men are mentally vacant and are staggering along. A personification is used to describe the shells as 'tired,' which gives the impression that the author thinks that the war is pointless and has been occurring for so long that even the shells have become wary of this futile catastrophe.

In the second stanza there is suddenly a massive contrast and the mood instantly changes. The pace rapidly speeds up and the difference between the somber, slow mood that had been previously displayed to a much faster, more frantic mood is obvious. 'Gas! GAS! Quick, boys!' highlights the speed of this section and that there is urgency in what is happening. The graphic images displayed here are profoundly affecting. Tension is amounted with the graphic imagery.

Alliteration is then used to emphasise that there is just one person left, making hysterical movements. The line

'Someone still was yelling out and stumbling.',

creates the impression that the soldier is in a severe state of panic and knows how crucial it is to fit his helmet. The writer then uses the simile 'As under a green sea I saw him drowning.' This portrays the image that the soldier is struggling to a horrendous death. It also helps to create a surreal feel to the poem. This surreal feel is particularly established by Owen's continued use of metaphors when describing the atrocious scene. This feel also helps define the mood of the poem.

In the penultimate stanza, Owen then uses the word 'plunges,' to illustrate the image that the suffering soldier tries to make one final attempt to be saved. The sounds 'guttering, choking, drowning' are then used to highlight the point that the soldier truly is experiencing a ghastly death and he is in tremendous pain. These examples of onomatopoeia are used to really emphasize the crucial pain that he is suffering and that he was making these revolting sounds. They show the repetitive, prolonged anguish of the soldier as he 'plunges' towards his death. The tension has almost reached a lofty climax with the aid of the imagery and sound devices.

In the final stanza the tempo quickly accelerates. This is achieved by the use of lines with fewer syllables. A personification is used to describe his dreams as 'smothering.' This portrays the image that the writer is unable to escape the frightening nightmares that occur so often. Additionally, it emphasizes the fact that it was a devastating and unforgettable experience that was so tragic that he will never be able to forget or overcome. The writer then describes in graphic detail how the physical look of the soldier had changed, obviously trying to shock the reader and get through to them how war is such a devastating business. The line

'Watch the white eyes writhing in his face,'

uses alliteration to emphasize how grotesque the scenario was. Following this, the image that is portrayed is that the soldier's face had dropped and was now exceedingly unsightly. 'His face hanging like a devil's sick of sin,' is a simile that highlights this point. This comparison implies that his face was corrupted and baneful. The image created in the reader's mind is that the face of the soldier turning into that of a devil, corrupt and baneful.

The rest of the description is just as graphic and frightening to the reader. The blood is described to have 'come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs.' This can be disturbing to think about. It shows troops being slaughtered very vividly, evoking images in the reader's mind. A very effective metaphor compares '…vile, incurable sores…' with the memories of the troops. It not only tells the reader how the troops will never forget the experience, but also how they are frightening tales, ones that the troops will never be able to tell without remembering the extremely painful experience. This comparison illustrates the point so vividly that it increases the effectiveness of this poem and the mood of the poem turns disturbing but thought inspiring.

The reader's attention doe not wander throughout the poem because of Owen's consistent imagery. It is this attention to form and imagery that make this poem thoroughly effective with the mood and tension.

(ii)What do you think is the poet's message? Do you agree with his views?

In the poem, the social climate of the World War I era is reflected through the poets use of vivid imagery and poetic techniques. The poem addresses the falsehood, that war is glorious, that it is noble, it describes the true horror and waste that is war, with the aim of changing the way in which society thinks about conflict. The glamorous image was created by the media in order to get people to join up for the war, as a result of the propaganda people believed that it was honourable to go to war and you would be regarded as a hero. Owen writes truthfully and openly to crush any remaining propaganda that may still say that it is sweet and fitting to die for your country.

Wilfred Owen wanted to dismiss the idea of romance as a motivation to fight in the war. The poem speaks about the severe drowsiness of the soldiers on their way back from the front line and the sudden panic caused when the soldiers are hit unexpectedly with a gas attack. The poem begins with a simile, "Bent double, like old beggars under sacks". This indicates the extent of the load the men had to carry with them and the weariness of the men. "…under sacks" gives us a vivid picture of the heaviness and feeling of the soldiers' uniforms. The second line brings in the aural aspects of suffering by using words like "coughing" and "cursed". "We cursed through sludge" shows the intense deepness of the mud, which weakens the men and causes them to swear. This whole stanza crushes the propaganda. There is also an eerie atmosphere which helped by aural imagery, "gas-shells dropping softly behind' the 's' is repeated, it mimics the sound of the gas-shells dropping, sibilance. This stanza is the complete antithesis of all the propaganda.

Owen tries to evoke feelings of pity for the men and does this extremely well by saying "All went lame, all blind". This gives us the image that men couldn't see or hear correctly. He uses the metaphor "Drunk with fatigue" to illustrate the tiredness of the men. Stanza one ends on a note of warning; the danger of which the soldiers are unaware, as they can't hear properly

The first and second verses are all to do with the visual and oral images of the soldiers and the ironic sense that the men are on their way back from the front line so they should be in less threat, yet this is where one man is killed.

The next verse begins with a shout of danger "Gas! Gas! Quick boys." "Ecstasy" is used paradoxically; it shows the speed and panic of the men as they know how important it is to get their helmets on and yet their fingers fail them. The next few lines talk about the terror and pain the man goes through as the gas enters his body. The simile "…floundering like a man in fire" was used to demonstrate the panic created by the man as he knew he was going to die and this is made more poignant by the fact that no-one can do anything to help

The first 4 lines in verse show the actions of the man, while the last two lines tell us how the narrator feels.

Owen makes stanza short so it stands out from the rest as being different. The verse shows that Owen still has nightmares about the event, he cannot escape the torture and suffering the man went through, so he too is a victim of the gas attack. He uses the word "my" to illustrate this. In his dreams the man pleads with Owen to help him yet he cannot do anything. The last three words end in "ing", "guttering, choking, drowning." This is used to close down the man's life. In the last verse Owen uses "You" frequently as he is now talking to us. This makes the last verse unique as throughout the poem Wilfred had written in rd person.

The message lies at the end of the poem .Owen directly addresses the reader angrily in the end of this stanza using a definite tone. In this stanza he describes in graphic detail the sights and sounds and tells you not to tell the 'old lie' to young innocent children who are too naive to know the truth, "The old Lie Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori" which translates as "it is a sweet and fitting thing to die for your country". Owen unmistakably does not agree with this and thinks that there is little magnificence and dignity in the lives of soldiers who were not told the truth about war. This is an anti-War poem, packed with distasteful thoughts and terms putting horrific images into the heads of the readers and, possibly, as Wilfred Owen hoped, changing their views on war.

Reflecting on the poem, I cannot help but eulogize the artful Owen. This poem is extremely effective as an anti-war poem, making war seem absolutely horrid and revolting, just as the author wanted it to. The aim of this poem was to shock the reader, to let them feel the sense of disgust and frustration felt by all the soldiers as they witness the soldier's struggle to breathe. At no point in this poem does Owen make use of euphemisms. Owen is very clear about the horror of war. Owen revolutionalized my perception of war. My judgment of honour and dignity of war has been rendered ostentatious. Now I share the same sentiments as Owen. With Owen, I ridicule the preterit statement," Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori".Without doubt, my view fully coincides with Owen. I do not perceive it mortifying to avoid the wicked draw of war. Neither do I perceive the relevance of feeble from inanition, inert from weariness, for war. Even at the behest of country, I would still serious doubts about war. The poem describing war at its gangrenous details, although horrifying, is thought inspiring. From my point of view, participating in a war is not an act of valour, but an act of cowardice for being unable to pursue peace. By the end of the poem, I cannot help but fully appreciate the irony of the hiatus between the truth in the trenches and the Lie being told.

Quoting Milton, "On their embattled ranks may the waves return, And overwhelm their lust for war".

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Mail Order Brides, Black Market Prostitution, and Sex Slaves Exposed

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Mail Order Brides, Black Market Prostitution, and Sex Slaves Exposed

The Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (OMCTP), established within the U.S. State Department in October, 001, estimated in its second annual report released in June that "between 700,000 to 4 million women, men and children have been 'bought, sold, transported, and held against their will in slave-like conditions'" states, Howard Stone, a OMTCP employee. Although this figure includes forced labor, the majority of these slaves are sex slaves. Mail order brides, black market prostitution, and the sex trade are an illegal way to sexually abuse, torment, and spread AIDS to under privileged men, women, and children.

The sex-slave trade, which has been given the name the Natasha Trade, or "Black market prostitution" is more than a human story of modern-day slavery. It generates huge profits for organized crime -- some $8 million a month in Italy alone. It also breeds corruption among state officials involved in collusion in the trade, and destroys morale among peacekeepers who are accused of complicity in, and use of the sex slave trade. Many sex slaves, mail order brides, and prostitutes are sexually underage, orphans, the children of divorced marriages, or runaways fleeing abusive parents.

The sex trade also breeds violence and murder. Only a tiny percent of those sold manage to return home alive'. With their passports confiscated, the sex slaves have no form of identification. They are then sold on to different clients, subjected to torture, and deprived of food and sleep. But if they become physically ill and mentally traumatized they are no longer of any use to their traffickers.

Among many things, the sex trade also contributes to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Some sex slaves turn to, or are given, drugs to keep them pliant, thereby increasing the number of drug users. Drug users, in turn, are a major source of the spread of AIDS because they often share needles. Prostitutes and sex slaves who have managed to escape and return home are also a source of sexually transmitted diseases as they were often raped and forced to have sex without protection. The trade also spreads AIDS in the countries where the sex slaves are held against their will. Media have often blamed these Natashas for the rising incidence of AIDS in that country.

Of the 7 postcommunist countries, Ukraine, Russia, Moldova, and Romania are the main source of sex slaves. Penalties for human trafficking went into effect in Ukraine in September 001. But for most countries, they have just now begun to attempt to deal with the problem of trafficking in women. Meanwhile, in "Russia, there is still no legislation against sex-slave trafficking and the country 'is not making significant efforts to' undertake any action" states, Linda Ferril, a government official. Russia is therefore classified as Tier by the OMCTP.

In Israel, Amnesty International reported that 10,000 women from the former USSR became sex slaves in the last decade and until recently the authorities were reluctant to prosecute those involved. In August 000, four Ukrainian sex slaves died in a brothel in Tel Aviv after an arsonist, suspected of being from an extremist ultra-Orthodox Jewish sect, set it ablaze. Between 100,000 - 150,000 women are sold as mail-order brides to Israel each year, an industry that generates $17 billion annually. Most of these women end up as sex slaves.

In conclusion, men, women, and children who long to have a "better" life, end up sexually abused and tormented. Due to the violence and in protected sexual abuse, the sex trade is a gateway for AIDS along with many other diseases. Many countries are not taking action to penalize these men and women. Something must be done about this inhumane treatment of men, women, and children.

Please note that this sample paper on Mail Order Brides, Black Market Prostitution, and Sex Slaves Exposed is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Mail Order Brides, Black Market Prostitution, and Sex Slaves Exposed, we are here to assist you.Your college papers on Mail Order Brides, Black Market Prostitution, and Sex Slaves Exposed will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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